Valkenburg Dorst 1998.pol - guillaumedescoteauxisabelle/ma-biblio GitHub Wiki

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-17T18:34:32.154Z color: yellow The reflective practice of design teams

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-17T18:35:43.051Z color: yellow Valkenburg

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-17T19:01:33.987Z color: yellow Keywords: design activity, teamwork, reflection-in-action, protocol analysis, research method

page: 2 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-17T19:16:36.417Z color: #9900EF Scho ̈ n’s paradigm of reflective practice

page: 8 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-20T00:52:06.208Z color: #7BDCB5 explain the relation between the protocol and the description of the team according to the mechanism of reflective practice

page: 22 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-20T01:15:06.617Z color: yellow all the interesting moments occurred when the team makes a transition between frames

page: 23 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-20T01:21:03.392Z color: #FCB900 o improve design theory and education systematically we need to make a transition from this pure description to prescription. We need to further analyze and discuss the general patterns that occur in the described team

type: area-highlight created: 2020-09-20T23:31:01.359Z color: image: https://storage.googleapis.com/polar-32b0f.appspot.com/image/1BktzpAiLu5xrEG4GNc4Tj6ohUzbHho546BN1Y7u.png

type: area-highlight created: 2020-09-20T23:32:36.706Z color: image: https://storage.googleapis.com/polar-32b0f.appspot.com/image/12RbGwwriBqsEV5tZ8zhRkn9pcQR96mfXs8DUGW5.png

type: area-highlight created: 2020-09-20T23:32:53.008Z color: image: https://storage.googleapis.com/polar-32b0f.appspot.com/image/1ERW67B3o93mwdR3PvAGhVENb3cifUvdmLyRve8K.png

page: 15 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-20T23:33:09.850Z color: yellow 3. 4 Team ‘Tecc’

type: area-highlight created: 2020-09-20T23:33:30.486Z color: image: https://storage.googleapis.com/polar-32b0f.appspot.com/image/12DxBVoFqnsy6exaseQ5FVbSeqTx8fYSXiKGJfNF.png

type: area-highlight created: 2020-09-20T23:33:52.791Z color: image: https://storage.googleapis.com/polar-32b0f.appspot.com/image/12WpQZJMYiEV7SEfV37d6ZLxhGpq8y8WZHhiS1a9.png

type: area-highlight created: 2020-09-20T23:34:09.788Z color: image: https://storage.googleapis.com/polar-32b0f.appspot.com/image/1xiWo1FNdNFmVkuhKQdeGiFws7AJVcsNYHqbdrjS.png

page: 6 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-23T22:49:08.628Z color: yellow 3 The reflective practice of the teams

page: 6 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-23T22:49:46.991Z color: yellow four activities (naming, framing, moving and reflecting) and their relations: the ‘mechanism of reflective practice’. The designers start by naming the relevant issues in the design situation, framing the problem in a certain way, making moves towards a solution, and reflecting on those moves and the current frame.

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-24T15:46:22.179Z color: green develop tools and guidelines to improve team design practice

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-24T15:51:39.998Z color: green understand i

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-24T15:51:47.944Z color: yellow analyze and describe i

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-24T15:52:00.031Z color: #9900EF new description method, based on Scho ̈ n’s theory of reflective practic

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-26T00:15:04.294Z color: #8ED1FC This method was tested by applying it in the description of the activities of two design teams. The description method proves to be very useful, in that it allows a concise description of a design project in which the elements vital to the understanding of the design progress are conserved

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-26T00:21:49.840Z color: #F78DA7 Comparing the obtained descriptions of these two teams designing reveals different patterns of behaviour

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-26T00:22:37.542Z color: green in-depth analysis of team design behaviour.

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-26T00:31:36.030Z color: yellow “a kind of knowing is inherent in intelligent action” 3 (p. 50)

type: area-highlight created: 2020-09-26T00:41:00.290Z color: image: https://storage.googleapis.com/polar-32b0f.appspot.com/image/1ZdYa1Q5Do7zJLzDxT6BF4AL1Keig3ApZcSv8yEv.png

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-26T00:44:45.468Z color: #FF6900 implicit knowledge cannot be described within the prevalent metho- dological paradigm of technical rationality 7

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-26T00:53:13.666Z color: yellow implicit ‘knowing-in-action’ is difficult to describe

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-26T00:56:37.060Z color: #9900EF explicit reflection that guides the development of one’s knowing-in- action habit

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-09-26T01:01:12.684Z color: #9900EF Scho ̈ n’s theory is based on a constructionis

page: 2 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T00:12:00.309Z color: #FF6900 little of the research methods currently used in design methodology is suited for our purposes. The com- plexity of design has always made it difficult to study real life design activity, and none of the existing research methods to observe and describe designing provides us with data that is rich enough, in that it spans both the design process and relevant aspects of the design context.

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T00:21:19.386Z color: yellow basic elements of design activities are actions

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T00:21:45.956Z color: yellow Scho ̈ n’s theory is based on a constructionist view of human perception and thought processes: through the execution of ‘move-testing experiments’ (involving action and reflection), a designer is actively constructing a view of the world based on his/her experiences.

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T00:38:23.989Z color: red every design task is unique,

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T00:38:38.876Z color: red for designers is to determine how such a single unique task should be approached

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T00:39:02.618Z color: red was not considered describable or generalisable in any meaningful way.

page: 4 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T16:00:45.204Z color: yellow 2 A team protocol study: the Philips Design Competition

page: 4 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T19:45:02.018Z color: green we want to investigate the occurrence of reflective practice in team designing

page: 4 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T20:31:32.678Z color: green look at the occurrence of the four activities and to see whether we are able to distinguish them

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T20:50:23.278Z color: #FF6900 by introducing several designers we also introduce the diffi- culties of team designing.

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T20:52:30.567Z color: #FF6900 lead to misunderstanding and uncoordinated actions page: 4 type: flashcard created: 2020-10-02T21:01:45.581Z front:

What are the 4 activities ?

type: flashcard created: 2020-10-02T21:01:45.581Z back:

[...] look at the occurrence of the four activities and to see whether we are able to distinguish them

## Naming ##

## Framing ##

## Moving ##

## Reflecting ##

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T21:25:54.484Z color: #FF6900 term, ‘evaluating’, is confusing, because it is generally used when evaluating the content of a design

page: 4 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-02T23:25:26.836Z color: green Donald Scho ̈ n’s theory is often called ‘reflective practice’, it is concerned with more than just reflection. Four different kinds of design actions exist, and we are interested in the occurrence of all four of them, and in the flow of how they are used by the designers.

page: 2 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-03T03:16:29.827Z color: #9900EF Scho ̈ n has constructed a theory in which the role of the designers, the design task and the design process are integrated (see section 1).

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-03T20:45:20.710Z color: red 251

page: 2 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-03T20:51:01.175Z color: #FF6900 design methodolog- ists that work within this paradigm restrict themselves to terms of gener- alities about design processes.

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-03T20:52:47.752Z color: #FF6900 tackling of unique design tasks the essence, the artistry of design practice.

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-04T20:51:21.790Z color: #9900EF and the kernel of the design ability is to make intelligent decisions about those actions.

page: 6 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T13:30:37.031Z color: yellow Reflection is a conscious and rational action that can lead to reframing the problem (when the frame is not satisfactory), the making of new moves, or attending to new issues (naming, when the reflection leads to satisfaction) page: 6 type: flashcard created: 2020-10-05T13:34:21.910Z front:

What is the concept of Reflection according to Schon ?

type: flashcard created: 2020-10-05T13:34:21.910Z back: Reflection is a conscious and rational action that can lead to reframing [...] not satisfactory [...] making of new moves, [...] naming, when the reflection leads to satisfaction.

page: 7 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T13:39:30.974Z color: yellow to recognise the four different activities we have to look at what the team is doing and which goals they have in mind.

page: 7 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T13:51:23.312Z color: yellow When the team frames a (sub)problem or (partial) solution to explore further on, then we code the context as a ‘frame’.

page: 7 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T13:54:46.341Z color: green The frame is a context for the next activities; something to hold on to and to focus on while designing. Therefore a frame is mostly only recognisable through the fol- lowing activity.

page: 7 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T14:01:58.056Z color: red we noticed that the essence was the ‘context for further activities’. Then a frame can best be visualised as a box in which other activities can occur (see Figure 2).

page: 7 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T14:09:20.075Z color: #9900EF When the team is explicitly pointing to parts of the design task as being important, we code the activity as ‘naming’. During the naming-activity the team is looking for relevant objects in the design task.

page: 7 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T14:27:59.094Z color: green Experimental actions like generating ideas, making an inventory, sorting information, combining ideas, or comparing concepts are coded as ‘moving’. During the ‘moving’-activity, the team not only tries to solve the problem, but at the same time also explores the suitability of the frame. The move is always characterised by a verb, identifying the activity, comp- lemented with the content of the activity page: 6 type: flashcard created: 2020-10-05T14:38:43.994Z front:

What about that ?

type: flashcard created: 2020-10-05T14:38:43.994Z back:

La réflexion est une action rationnelle.

>Reflection is a conscious and rational action that can lead to reframing the problem (when the frame is not satisfactory), the making of new moves, or attending to new issues (naming, when the reflection leads to satisfaction)

page: 7 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T16:03:18.029Z color: red An explicit reflection on earlier activities to know what to do next is coded as ‘reflecting’. The ‘reflecting’-activity contains a critical reflection of the team on their earlier actions.

page: 7 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T16:05:53.145Z color: #8ED1FC This addition to the structure of our description method shows the overview of the subjects the teams attend to and gives some added insight in the teams’ strategies for approaching the design task.

page: 18 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T20:43:15.391Z color: yellow 4 Discussion on implications for team designing

page: 21 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T20:51:11.664Z color: #FF6900 hat Tecc first explores the design task, before choosing and developing the sol

page: 21 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T20:51:26.262Z color: #9900EF 5 ‘Reflective practice’ as an observation method

page: 21 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T20:53:38.911Z color: yellow gies—the description of team designing in episodes and categorizing them into the four activities provides a good insight in the course of the team design on a project leve

page: 22 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T20:59:36.456Z color: green n. We, in this research, chose to divide the protocol into episodes in which the same activity occ

page: 22 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T21:01:01.074Z color: red This way of describing team activities provides a good framework for dis- cussion on team designing. In education it can be very useful to either illustrate design professionals-in-action or to confront design teams with their own practic

page: 22 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T21:02:16.742Z color: yellow 6 Further research

page: 23 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T21:09:09.115Z color: yellow s, we can’t yet be sure about the suitability of this description method for other teams. We have to make descriptions of more teams in other design situations. In order to be able to explain the research method in more detail, we will use team protocols that are very well documented in the design research comm

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-10-05T22:18:45.279Z color: yellow 1 Valkenburg, A C ‘Shared understanding as a condition for team design’ The Journal of Automation in Construction Vol 7 Nos 2–3 (1998) pp 111–121