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[...] look at the occurrence of the four activities and to see whether we are able to distinguish them

Reflection is a conscious and rational action that can lead to reframing [...] not satisfactory [...] making of new moves, [...] naming, when the reflection leads to satisfaction.

La réflexion est une action rationnelle.

Reflection is a conscious and rational action that can lead to reframing the problem (when the frame is not satisfactory), the making of new moves, or attending to new issues (naming, when the reflection leads to satisfaction)

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ZotWeb	article-journal
Src Url	Valkenburg, Dorst (1998)

The aim of our studies is to develop tools and guidelines to improve team design practice. In order to improve team designing, we have to understand it, in order to understand we must be able to analyze and describe it. To describe the nature of team designing, we developed anew description method, based on Schon’s theory of reflective practice.This method was tested by applying it in the description of the activities of two design teams. The description method proves to be very useful, in that it allows a concise description of a design project in which the elements vital to the understanding of the design progress are conserved. Comparing the obtained descriptions of these two teams designing reveals different patterns of behavior. These patterns of behavior arouse an interest in a more detailed and in-depth analysis of team design behavior.

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The reflective practice of design teams

Citer: (Valkenburg & Dorst, 1998)

FTag: Valkenburg-Dorst-1998

APA7:  Valkenburg, R., & Dorst, K. (1998). The reflective practice of design teams. Design Studies, 19(3), 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-694X(98)00011-8

#meta

Keywords: design activity, teamwork, reflection-in-action, protocol analysis, research method

Mots clés: activité de conception, travail en équipe, réflexion en action, analyse de protocole, méthode de recherche

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Schon’s paradigm of reflective practice

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Schon

explain the relation between the protocol and the description of the team according to the mechanism of reflective practice

all the interesting moments occurred when the team makes a transition between frames

[...] to improve design theory and education systematically we need to make a transition from this pure description to prescription. We need to further analyze and discuss the general patterns that occur in the described teams.

#limit #discu

3. 4 Team ‘Tecc’

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[...] four activities (naming, framing, moving and reflecting) and their relations:  the ‘mechanism of reflective practice’.  The designers  start by naming the relevant issues in the design situation, framing [...] making moves towards a solution, and reflecting on those moves and the current frame.  (p.254)

• Naming

• Framing

• Moving

• Reflecting (replacing evaluating)

#CT
Schon

develop tools and guidelines to improve team design practice

understand

analyze and describe

new description method, based on Schon’s theory of reflective practice

#metho #results

This method was tested by applying it in the description of the activities of two design teams. The description method proves to be very useful, in that it allows a concise description of a design project in which the elements vital to the understanding of the design progress are conserved

#metho

Comparing the obtained descriptions of these two teams designing reveals different patterns of behaviour

#results

in-depth analysis of team design behaviour.

#objectives

“a kind of knowing is inherent in intelligent action” (Schön, 2017. p. 50)

[...] implicit knowledge cannot be described within the prevalent methodological paradigm of technical rationality.

#problematic

implicit ‘knowing-in-action’ is difficult to describe

#problematic

explicit reflection that guides the development of one’s knowing-in- action habits.  This he calls reflection-in-action.

#CT

Schon’s theory is based on a constructionism

#CT

[...] little of the research methods currently used in design methodology is suited for our purposes. The complexity of design has always made it difficult to study real life design activity, and none of the existing research methods to observe and describe designing provides us with data that is rich enough, in that it spans both the design process and relevant aspects of the design context.

#problematic
DesignIssue | ComplexityIssue

basic elements of design activities are actions
concept

Schon’s theory is based on a constructionist view of human perception and thought processes: through the execution of 'move-testing experiments' (involving action and reflection), a designer is actively constructing a view of the world based on his/her experiences.

#CT

every design task is unique,

for designers is to determine how such a single unique task should be approached

was not considered describable or generalisable in any meaningful way.

we want to investigate the occurrence of reflective practice in team designing

[...] look at the occurrence of the four activities and to see whether we are able to distinguish them

#goal
TRPActivities | ReflectivePractice

[...] by introducing several designers we also introduce the difficulties of team designing.

[...]  

These lie in synchronising the thoughts and activities of the team members.

[...] lead to misunderstanding and uncoordinated actions.

(p.249)

#problematic

lead to misunderstanding and uncoordinated actions

[..] term, ‘evaluating’, is confusing, because it is generally used when evaluating the content of a design [...]  To avoid this confusion [...]   we will use the term reflecting.

#issue #term

Donald Schon’s theory is often called ‘reflective practice’, it is concerned with more than just reflection. Four different kinds of design actions exist, and we are interested in the occurrence of all [...]   in the flow of how they are used by the designers.

#CT #metho

Scho ̈ n has constructed a theory in which the role of the designers, the design task and the design process are integrated (see section 1).

Mon intention est de synthétiser ce que j'ai "picturé" auj pendant ma marche.  Je dois faire 2 pages qui contiennent le cadre théorique.

Schon critique le paradigme de la rationalité-technique en expliquant ses limites au niveau des méthodologies positivistes et leurs restrictions généralisantes à propos du design.

** [...] design methodologists [...]   restrict themselves to  terms of generalities  about  design  processes.**

(Valkenburg & Dorst, 1998, p. 251-252)

#intention #CT

[...] design methodologists [...]   restrict themselves to terms of generalities about design processes.

tackling of unique design tasks the essence, the artistry of design practice.

[...] the kernel of the design ability is to make intelligent decisions about those actions.

#CT #goal
IntelligentAction

La réflexion est une action rationnelle qui mène à un recadrage de de ce qui est désiré et dont la réussite est douteuse ou acceptable. 

Reflection is a conscious and rational action [...] reframing [...] when the frame is not satisfactory [...] naming, when the reflection leads to satisfaction
ActionRationnelle | o2010051036 | CadrageReflectif

Il y a reconnaissance du but que se fixent les designers par l'observation des quatre types d'activité.

[...] to recognise the four different activities we have to look at what the team is doing and which goals they have in mind.

#objective
CadrageReflectif | a2010051033

Lorsqu'il y a cadrage d'une insatisfaction ou d'un questionnement proposant une résolution possible à explorer, le contexte est codifié comme étant du 'cadrage'.

When the team frames a (sub)problem or (partial) solution to explore further on, then we code the context as a ‘frame’.
CadrageReflectif | a2010051033

Le cadrage est génératif d'un nouveau contexte d'action dans lequel sera exploré des mouvements vers la résolution.  Ce contexte de cadrage fournit un ancrage pendant le design qui donne une structure sur laquelle porter son attention.

The frame is a context for the next activities; something to hold on to and to focus on while designing.
CadrageReflectif | a2010051033

Le contexte pour de nouvelle action est identifié comme un élément essentiel.

[...] we noticed that the essence was the ‘context for further activities’. 

#result
CadrageReflectif | a2010051033

La nomentlature "nommer" est utilisé quand il est explicitement identifié qu'une composante du design est importante.

[...] explicitly pointing to parts of the design task as being important, we code the activity as ‘naming’.
CadrageReflectif | a2010051033

La codification mouvement s'est appliqué à tous ce qui est caractérisé par un verbe.

[...]  generating ideas, making an inventory, sorting information, combining ideas, or comparing concepts are coded as ‘moving’. [...] explores the suitability of the frame. The move is always characterised by a verb,  [...].
CadrageReflectif | a2010051033

La codification réflection est utilisé pour critiquer le résultat d'une action

An explicit reflection on earlier activities to know what to do next is coded as ‘reflecting’. The ‘reflecting’-activity contains a critical reflection of the team on their earlier actions.
CadrageReflectif

This addition to the structure of our description method shows the overview of the subjects the teams attend to and gives some added insight in the teams’ strategies for approaching the design task.

#result

hat Tecc first explores the design task, before choosing and developing the sol

5 ‘Reflective practice’ as an observation method

L’article discute aussi de la pratique réflexive comme méthode d'observation, bien que Schon n’ai pas eu cette intention en la créant.

La categorization des activités et un regroupement supérieur en épisodes a été effectué pour simplifier la classification. “ [...] the description  of team  designing  in  episodes  and  categorizing  them  into  the four activities provides a good insight in the course of the team design on a  project  level.” (Valkenburg & Dorst, 1998, p.269)

Ils ont divisé les épisodes par activité.

n. We, in this research, chose to divide the protocol into episodes in which the same activity occ

This way of describing team activities provides a good framework for dis- cussion on team designing. In education it can be very useful to either illustrate design professionals-in-action or to confront design teams with their own practice.

#result

La recherche s’est limitée à deux études de cas et le modèle produit aurait besoin d’être étudié plus amplement dans des recherches futures pour améliorer la théorie du design et l’éducation en discutant plus amplement les patterns de design généraux.

Plus de cas seront à observer pour valider la fiabilité de la méthode descriptive développée. “ [...] we can’t yet be sure about the suitability of this description  method for other teams. We have to make descriptions of more teams in other design situations. In order to be  able  to  explain  the  research  method  in  more  detail,  we  will  use  team protocols that are very well documented in the design research community [...] ”

1 Valkenburg, A C ‘Shared understanding as a condition for team design’ The Journal of Automation in Construction Vol 7 Nos 2–3 (1998) pp 111–121

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