Boden Edmonds 2009.pol - guillaumedescoteauxisabelle/ma-biblio GitHub Wiki

page: 2 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-09T22:07:59.021Z color: yellow What is generative art?

page: 2 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-09T22:08:08.793Z color: yellow Margaret A. Boden 1 and Ernest A. Edmonds 2 1 Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Sussex 2 Creativity & Cognition Studios, University of Technology, Sydney [email protected]

page: 2 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-09T22:08:44.159Z color: yellow Keywords: computer art, generative art, interactive art, computational creativity

page: 5 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-09T22:09:53.907Z color: yellow . Rules are at the heart of this type of art. But what computer scientists call rule-based programming (e.g. Kowalski and Levy 1996) is not necessarily implied. The computer-art community regards it as important that the artwork is generated from a set of specified rules, or constraints, rather than from a step-by-step algorithm. But the detailed implementation method (i.e. the specific computer system that’s being used) is not normally seen to be significant.

page: 5 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-09T22:10:09.406Z color: yellow In other words, rule-driven systems appear to have a greater degree of autonomy, relative to the conscious decisions of the human artist.

page: 5 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-10T04:27:15.285Z color: #9900EF autonomy is a concept that’s closely connected with art-making

page: 5 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-10T04:28:18.059Z color: yellow omputer artists are more comfortable in speaking of ‘generative art’ where the system is rule-driven, not algorith- mic—and why they usually avoid step-by-step programming.

page: 22 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-10T04:31:19.435Z color: #FF6900 Yet another problematic area concerns aesthetic evaluation. Are entirely novel aesthetic considerations relevant for CG-art in general, or for some subclass of it? And are some aesthetic criteria, normally regarded as essential, utterly out of place in CG-art: authenticity, for instance?

page: 4 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-10T04:33:44.065Z color: #FF6900 We’ll see that judgements concerning creativity, authorial responsibility, agency, autonomy, authenticity and (sometimes) ontology are even more problematic outside the precious bubble than inside it.

page: 7 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-10T04:35:22.718Z color: #9900EF Generative art enables the artist to concentrate on the underlying rules themselves: the structures that define the artwork, as against the surface. (This is a position clearly associ- ated with distaste for decoration and ornament.)

page: 8 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-10T04:36:29.452Z color: yellow taxonomy of generative art

page: 8 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-10T04:37:07.133Z color: yellow Our taxonomy distinguishes eleven types of art. We call them Ele-art, C-art, D-art, CA-art, G-art, CG-art, Evo-art, R-art, I-art, CI-art and VR-art.

page: 18 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-13T16:42:58.717Z color: #9900EF -art works are generated, at least in part, by some process that is not under the artist’s direct control.

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-13T16:44:36.952Z color: #9900EF symbolic and connectionist computation,

page: 3 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-13T16:45:06.646Z color: yellow Most of them rely heavily on digital com- puting and in particular on methods drawn from AI / A-Life. Specifically, they have employed both symbolic and connectionist computation, and—more recently—cellular automata, L- systems and evolutionary programming too. This is an ascending spiral, not a linear ascent, because two of those ‘recent’ methods were foreseen (by John von Neumann) in 1950s cybernetics, and all three had been mathemat- ically defined by the 1960s—but none could be fruitfully explored, by artists or scientists, until powerful computers became av ai lable much later (Boden 2006, p. 15.v-vi).

page: 1 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-13T16:47:48.280Z color: yellow g

page: 18 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-13T23:15:07.837Z color: yellow eleven definitions are

page: 18 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-13T23:15:56.188Z color: #9900EF

Ele-art involves electrical engineering and / or electronic technology. 2. C-art uses computers as part of the art- making process. 3. D-art uses digital electronic technology of some sort. 4. CA-art uses the computer as an ai d (in principle, non-essential) in the art-making process. 5. G-art works are generated, at least in part, by some process that is not under the artist’s direct control. 6. CG-art is produced by leaving a computer program to run by itself, with minimal or zero interference from a human being. NB: We chose to reject the stricter definition of CG-art (art produced by a program left to run by itself, with zero interference from the human artist). 7. Evo-art is evolved by processes of random variation and selective reproduction that affect the art-generating program itself. 8. R-art is the construction of robots for artistic purposes, where robots are physical machines capable of autonomous move- ment and / or communication. 9. In I-art, the form / content of the artwork is significantly affected by the behaviour of the audience. 10. In CI-art, the form / content of some CG-artwork is significantly affected by the behaviour of the audience.

page: 3 type: comment created: 2020-11-13T23:31:23.477Z

What is symbolic computation ?

What is connectionnist computation ?

--- page: 10 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-21T22:46:32.670Z color: yellow the C-art that’s most relevant here is a form of generative art, or G-art. --- page: 10 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-21T22:47:26.999Z color: green G-art, (df.) the artwork is generated, at least in part, by some process that is not under the artist’s direct control. --- page: 10 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-21T22:47:55.193Z color: green CA-art, wherein ( df. ) the computer is used as an aid (in principle, non-essential) in the art-making process. --- page: 12 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-21T22:48:28.846Z color: green CG-art would insist that ( df. ) the artwork results from some computer program being left to run by itself, with zero interference from the human artist. --- page: 9 type: text-highlight created: 2020-11-28T01:26:16.699Z color: yellow Ele- art. This wide concept covers (df.) any artwork whose production involves electrical engin- eering and / or electronic technology. --- page: 11 type: text-highlight created: 2020-12-19T05:33:13.885Z color: red Haydn and Mozart the exact order of the pre- composed phrases was decided by throwing a die. --- page: 19 type: text-highlight created: 2020-12-19T06:52:45.200Z color: red Computer programs, in contrast, are so specifiable. --- page: 19 type: text-highlight created: 2020-12-19T06:53:03.810Z color: red CG-art programs are or are not ‘under the artist’s direct control’ and the extent to which, and the points at which, they are subject to “interference from a human being”. --- page: 19 type: text-highlight created: 2020-12-19T06:54:36.335Z color: #9900EF if in fact it is no less direct ive, no less determinate, --- page: 16 type: text-highlight created: 2020-12-20T19:21:18.529Z color: green CI-art it covers voluntary actions (such as waving, walking and touching the computer screen), largely automatic yet control lable actions (such as the direction of eye-gaze) and involuntary bodily movements (such as breathing)