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Egypt ⇔ hÉ 𒂍 Copt
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The Coptic language is most important for the study of ancient Egyptian.
Černý's Coptic Etymological Dictionary
Ⲁ Ⲃ Ⲥ Ⲇ Ⲉ Ⲋ Ⲅ Ϩ Ϫ Ⲓ Ϧ Ⲗ Ⲙ Ⲛ Ⲟ Ⲡ Ϥ ⳁ Ϭ Ϯ Ⲩ Ⲫ Ⲱ Ⲝ Ⲯ Ⳉ Ⲑ Ϣ Ⲋ Ⲝ
ⲁ ⲃ ⲥ ⲇ ⲉ ⲋ ⲅ ϩ ϫ ⲓ ϧ ⲗ ⲙ ⲛ ⲟ ⲡ ϥ ⳁ ϭ ϯ ⲩ ⲫ ⲱ ⲝ ⲯ ⳉ ⲑ ϣ ⲋ ⲝ
Majuscule Minuscule Numeric value Name Greek equivalent Translit. (IPA)
a Ⲁ ⲁ 1 AlphAin Α, α a [a, ʔ, ʕ] ⲁ⋍𐌳 da!
b Ⲃ ⲃ 2 Bētau Β, β b, v [β⋍v]
C Ⲅ ⲅ 3 cGammant Γ, γ g [ɡ] ↔ Ⲥ ⲥ 200 Sima Σ, σ, ς s [s]
d Ⲇ ⲇ 4 DelTa Δ, δetra=4 d [d]
e Ⲉ ⲉ 5 fEinf PΕin WEn ε e [i, e][note 1] ə! dangling I+N ! zB 𓍢 ϢⲈ⋍cent ↔ Ⲏ ⲏ 8 ahĒta 𓎆 ⲘⲦⲈ⋍Tenµ
ƒ Ⲋ ⲋ 6 So(Ч) Si(x) Ϛ, ϛ (stigma) – ƒTH vs QV: ЧϤϥϭ Fai/Fays 𓆑 phyton VAUW! σ ƒTH! Ⲫ ⲫ 500 Fi
g Ⲍ ⲍ 7 ϬZēbta Ζ, ζ z [z] 'Gji' ↔ Ⲅ ⲅ 3 Gamma Γ, γ g [ɡ] ⲌⲌ⋍NΓ⋍ng!
H Ⲏ ⲏ 8 hĒta Η, η ē / e [eː] *huηn Ϩϩ Hōri:djhour! ϢⲎⲦ = cent N component ? Häuser: Ⲏⲟⲩ
h Ϩ ϩ _ Hōri h [h, ħ] ϩⲟⲟⲩ : hour/heuer/dhaoy/day | PHO:ϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ=παλάμη(palm)
; Ⲑ ⲑ 9 ᶱjeta Thēta Θ, θ th / t' [tʰ] 9 九 jiǔᵗ ܬܫܥܐ tešʿā ⵜⵥⴰ tẓa җю ži͡u ዘጠኝ zäṭäñ
i Ⲓ ⲓ 10 zaIn Yotan Ιj, ι i [iː⋍j]
k Ⲕ ⲕ 20 Kabba Κ, κ k [k] ↔ ϦⳈ ϧⳉ ↔ ϙ koppa q !
l Ⲗ ⲗ 30 Lola Λ, λ l [l] Nil Null ↔ Ⲣ ⲣ R "Laula" ⲗⲉⲟⲩⲗⲁ reoula "rule"
m Ⲙ ⲙ 40 Me Μ, μ m [m] ↔ Ϣ SHm mSH M component see 𐤌 = M
n Ⲛ ⲛ 50 Neil Ν, ν n [n] nil null
! Ⲝ ⲝ 60 Gsix Ξ, ξ ks Xi / 'icks' Eksi ↔ Ϙ, ϙ koppa q / tsh [kʲ, tʃ]
o Ⲟ ⲟ 70 O Ο, ο o [o] Ai/Oi! Ⲱ ⲱ 800 wŌuen
p Ⲡ ⲡ 80 Pi Π, π p [p] *Pthe ! Ⲡ-ⲣⲣⲟ Pharao = The-King Phte ROY!
q𐌵 Ч Ϥ 90 phth Ϥ⋍𐌵=QV ☑ ϥϭ 'Fays' fHIS Ϙ, ϙ (koppa) Ч QF GV SFai ⋍Ϥ𓇋φ𓆑 * FHes ↔ Ϥ↔Y-PSI-lon! QAIRTHRA 𐀏𐃏𐀤𓊖
r Ⲣ ⲣ 100 Rhoundert Ρ, ρ r [r] PRO! 𓍢 rwhoundret dreh wind round +++
S Ⲥ ⲥ 200 Si'ma Σ, σ, ς s [s] ↔ Ⲋ ⲋ 6 So Ϛ, ϛ (sigma stigma) – σ TH << σι⋍tai' = take
T Ⲧ ⲧ 300 Taw Τ, τ t [t] tau stier/tcer=>tauri3/saur N-component? ⲀⲦ=anti ϢⲎⲦ = cent
u Ⲩ ⲩ 400 uⲩpSilon Υ, υ u / ouR [uː]Γʃ! 𓏌 jauRs! ⲩ⋍r 𓍱⋍ⲩ⋍γ⋍g ⲞⲨⲰⲘ=essen ϩⲟⲟⲩ:houR/djour/day
v Ⲫ ⲫ 500 VFi Φ, φ ph / p' [pʰ] Ч Vauw
x Ⲭ ⲭ 600 xKhe Χ, χ kh [kʰ] kAin ¬ א ↔ Ⲝ ⲝ (s)iXi 60
ψ Ⲯ ⲯ 700 yPsi Ψ, ψ psi ↔ Υ YpSilence Epsilon
wo Ⲱ ⲱ 800 ˢwŌuen Ω, ω ō / o [oː] ↔ Ⲉ ⇔ Ϣ swamp 𓆷 𐦓 Letter 'SvA' ש ↔ Ϣ ϣ
P Ⳁ ⳁ 900 •pZet/•Pro?
t Ϯ ϯ 1000? Ti / De ti / de [ti, de] 2? vs Ⲑ ⲑ 9 ieta Thēta Θ, θ Q Ϙ ϙ _ koppa q / tsh [kʲ, tʃ] קצ Ⲝ ⲝ 60 QGsi 𐌵 Ϥ ϥ _ ᵏFai/qFays Ч, q, f, 𓆑 phyton Ϥ⋍𐌵=QV QAIRTHRA 𐀏𐃏𐀤𓊖 [ Ϭ ϭ _ Tshēma ט ↔ G Gamma/Summa σ K Ϧ ϧ _ Khay (none) x [x] חה Schlaf⋍ ⲥϧⲏⲗⲟ σ Ϭ ϭ _ tShēma ט ↔ G Gamma/Summa σ s Ϣ ϣ _ Shay (none) sh / š [ʃ] ↔ ST? Stigma ↔ Ϣ ⋍ W? MoϢe ⋍ march /move! MW component see 𐤌 = M t Ϯ ϯ _ Ti / De ti / de [ti, de] 2? vs Ⲑ ⲑ 9 ieta Thēta Θ, θ
j Ϫ ϫ ʒ Janjan 'jI' (none) j / dzh [dʒ] ! vs Ⲑ ⲑ 9 Thēta Ϭ
| Ⳉ ⳉ _ Xai (none) x [x] חה xai is Ⳉ ⳉ in Akhmimic and Ⳋ ⳋ in Bohairic, both for a velar fricative /x/ ⋍ Ϣ
S Ϣ ϣ Shay (none) sh / š [ʃ] ↔ ST? Stigma ↔ Ϣ ⋍ W? MoϢe ⋍ move! MW component see 𐤌 = M
Z Ⳉ ⳉ Khay (none) x [x] חה
Ḫ Ϧ ϧ Khay (none) x [x] חה
ḫ Ϩ ϩ Hōri (none) h [h, ħ] ϩⲟⲟⲩ : hour/heuer/dhaoy/day ch,zh,th ? <<
G Ϭ ϭ Tshēma shamas ט ↔ Gamma!!
] Ϯ ϯ Ti / De (none) ti / de [ti, de][note 5] 2?
, Ⲭ ⲭ 600 xKhe Χ, χ kh [kʰ] kAin ¬ א ↔ Ⲝ ⲝ (s)iXi 60
/ Ⲏ ⲏ 8
y Ⲑ ⲑ
= ⳼ ⳼
' Ⲯ ⲯ
q Ϧ ϧ khai chei C x ↔ dh
ƒ Ⲋ ⲋ σ ƒTH! ↔ Ⲫ ⲫ 500 Fi Φ, φ ph / p' [pʰ] ↔ ƒⲦ ? Ⲝ ⲝ 60 Gsi Ξ, ξ ks??
𐍅 Strange epsilon letter between Y,V,W,R,G! 𐌰𐌹𐍅=ever (𐍅:VR/WG:ⲩ) 𐌰𐌹𐍅=ewig in gothic
zu- ⲉ- to
à- ⲉ- to
er- ⲉ- to
ⲉⲣ- er- ⲕⲟⲩⲣ:deaf => ⲉⲣⲕⲟⲩⲣ become deaf causative
ⲉⲣ- ver-
ⲉⲣ- zer-
ⲉⲧⲟⲟⲧ⳼ into the handsof
ⲉϩⲣⲉⲛ- against, meet
ⲛⲧⲁ⳼ that which is mine (ante I)
ⲛⲧⲉ- , ⲧⲉ- prfx of conjunctive
up-to- ⲉⲡϣⲱⲓ up, go up
upon- ⲉϫⲉⲛ- upon
upon- ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ- up to; upon
an- ⲛ- to (of persons)
ante- ⲛⲥⲁ- after,
ante…ϩⲣⲉⲛ ⲛⲁϩⲣⲉⲛ- into the presence of, before,
ⲟⲩⲃⲉ against
zu- ϣⲁ- to
at- ϩⲁ- to
super- ⲉⲃⲟⲗ-
über- ⲉⲃⲟⲗ-
upon- ⲉⲃⲟⲗ-
ϧⲁⲧⲉⲛ- up to, near to
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ forth
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉ- forth to
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ- forth from
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ- forth from, through
ⲉⲑⲏ forward, progress
ⲉⲡⲉⲥⲏⲧ down
ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ down, descend
ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ in, enter
ⲉϫⲉⲛ- upon, up upon, reach
ϣⲧⲉⲙ- 𓏏𓍃𓅓𓂜 negative prefix of the infinitive, conjuctive, causative, conditional, temporal
Coptic prefixes are often related to
ⲁⲗⲗⲁ 🇬🇷 but, alas
ⲁⲣⲁ 🇬🇷 since, thence: aber doch 'a'
ⲁⲛⲧⲓ 🇬🇷 opposite, against, in placeof, for the sake of
ⲁⲧϭⲛⲉ , ⲁϭⲛⲉ- , ⲁⲧϭⲛⲟⲩ⳼ without ⲁϭⲛⲉ⋍OHNE ++ ⲁⲧ-syne
ⲉ- , ⲉⲣⲟ⳼ , (2ⲛⲇ pl. ⲉⲣⲱ⳼ ) i. dative: to, for, according to, as regards, à, zu
ⲉⲣⲁⲧ⳼ to foot of, to (⇔ ⲣⲁⲧ⳼ foot ⲫⲁⲧ 𓃀)
ϧⲁⲧⲁⲣ⳼ under foot, beneath
ⲡⲩⲣⲡⲟϣ ⲉ for, in order to; about, becauseof; from, by means of; direction:
ⲉⲡⲉⲓⲇⲏ ↔ ⲉⲡⲓⲇⲏ after ⋍ apheder ⲉⲡⲉⲓⲇⲏ +++++ ☑
ⲉⲡⲓⲇⲏ , ⲉⲡⲉⲓⲇⲏ , ⲉⲡⲓⲇⲉ 🇬🇷 after, that, since, when; whereas ↔ EPI.SU/SO/DA/DOWN <<<
ⲉϣⲱⲡ if it befall, if, when
ⲉⲧⲓ 🇬🇷 after, after which, andduring, as
ⲉⲑⲃⲉ- , ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧ⳼ because of,concerning, ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧ⳼ especially … ⲉⲑⲃⲉ AS BE …
ⲉⲑⲃⲉϫⲉ- as/because +++ 'especial'
ⲉⲑⲃⲉⲫⲁⲓ wherefore: as'be quoi / as where fore ⲉⲑ.ⲃⲉ.ⲫⲁⲓ
ⲉⲑⲃⲉⲟⲩ ↔ ⲟⲩ why?
ⲓⲥϫⲉ , ⲓⲥϫⲉⲕ if , as if, as it were
ⲕⲁⲓ , ⲕⲉ 🇬🇷 and que
ⲕⲁⲓⲥⲓ ↔ ⲕⲱⲥ 🇬🇷 and indeed, and further, and yet (que aussie)
ⲕⲁⲧⲁ 🇬🇷 in accordance with, inanswer to
ⲙⲉⲛϩⲏ⳼ ↔ ⲙⲉⲛϩⲏ after
ⲙⲏⲡⲟⲧⲉ 🇬🇷 never, on no account,perhaps; lest ever
ⲙⲏⲡⲱⲥ 🇬🇷 so that, lest; perhaps.m/r shore or bank; to the other side
ⲙⲏⲡⲟⲧⲉ 🇬🇷 never, on no account,perhaps; lest ever
ⲙⲏϯ f. middle
ⲉⲧⲙⲏϯ to, into midst, between
ⲛⲉⲙ- , ⲛⲉⲙⲁ⳼ with; conj and ⇔ ⲉⲙ sym ⲙⲁ⳼ mit
ⲟⲩⲟϩ conj.; and or
ϣⲁⲛ or
ⲟⲛ conj.; moreover, further, and (weiter-)hin syn
ϫⲉⲭⲁⲥ , ⲭⲁⲥ that is, inorder that
ⲉⲑⲃⲉ- , ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧ⳼ because of,concerning, ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧ⳼ especially … ⲉⲑⲃⲉ AS BE …
ⲉⲓϫⲉ 🇬🇷 then, for, if
ⲍⲁⲣ 🇬🇷 for, because, car, gar
ϧⲁⲑⲟⲩⲉⲛ-ⲭ ϧⲁⲑⲟⲩⲱ⳼ beside, at, with
ϩⲓⲑⲟⲩⲱ⳼ beside, next
ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ from, since
ⲙⲙⲓⲛ ⲙⲙⲟ⳼ , ⲙⲙⲓⲛⲉ emphasizing preceding pron. mostly poss.; own ,proper, self
ⲙⲙⲓⲛⲉ ↔ ⲙⲙⲓⲛ self ⇔ 𓎛𓄹𓄹𓄹𓀀 ego … myself 𓀀 mine mone
ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲥⲁ- , ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲱ⳼ after (of time)
ⲙⲉⲛⲉⲛⲥⲁ ⲉⲃⲟⲗ after, beyond,henceforth; same as icjen ebol
ⲛ- , ⲙⲙⲟ⳼ part. of; indicating direct object; as, for
ⲛ- in, to, fromw/ ebol , cabol from, from out; in, on, with, by!
ⲛ- , ⲛⲁ⳼ of dative, to for
ⲛⲥⲁ- , ⲛⲥⲱ⳼ against (nach, ante)
ⲛⲧⲉⲛ- , ⲛⲧⲉ- in, by hand of, by,with, beside, from; with for; through,because of, from, away from; to
ⲛ ϧⲏⲧ⳼ in , at, on; (of time) in, at, on; by, with
ϧⲉⲛ *DRIN in, at, on; (of time) in, at, on; by, with
ⲛⲟⲩⲉϣⲉⲛ without 𓂜𓈖 ⇔ 𓂜𓈖 ⲁⲧϭⲛⲉ without 𓂜𓏏 ⲁⲧ-
ⲉⲧⲉⲛ- , ⲉⲧⲟⲧ⳼ , ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ to hand of, to
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲛⲧⲉⲛ- from
ⲥⲁⲧⲟⲧ⳼ out of hand, forthwith
ϧⲁⲧⲉⲛ- under the hand ofbeside, with
ϩⲓⲧⲉⲛ- by hand of, through, by,from
ⲡⲗⲏⲛ 🇬🇷 except, save; besides, inaddition; but
ϧⲁⲧⲁⲣ⳼ under 𓌨 ⇔ ante
ⲙⲏϯ f. middle!
ⲉⲧⲙⲏϯ to, into midst, between
ⲉⲣⲱ⳼ to mouth of; to upon(mostly with verbs of motion)
ϩⲓⲣⲉⲛ- , ϩⲓⲣⲱ⳼ at mouth, door of; at, upon
ⲉⲥⲕⲉⲛ beside ⇔ Ecken!
ⲟⲩⲃⲉ- , ⲉⲟⲩⲃⲉ , ⲟⲩⲃⲏ⳼ opposite, toward, against
ⲟⲩⲧⲉ- , ⲟⲩⲧⲱ⳼ between,among
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲟⲩⲧⲉ- from among, between
ⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ back , behind, backward
ⲉ.ⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ to back, backward
ⲥⲁ.ⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ behind, after
ⲛⲥⲁ.ⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ behind, from behind
ϩⲓ.ⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ behind, after, before
ⲉⲣϩⲓⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ be behind,follow after
ⲭⲱⲣⲓⲥ without ?
ϣⲁ , ϣⲁⲣⲟ⳼ to, toward(persons); to, at (of places, things etc.)till, at, by, for (time); up to, to length ofin reckoning
ϣⲁⲧⲉⲛ short of, excepting,minus
ϧⲁ- down(wards) (ϧⲁ m. heel, mark of heel)
ϧⲁ- , ϧⲁⲣⲟ⳼ under , in,at; for, in respect of, on behalf of; for (ofprice); against
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲁ away from
ϩⲁ , ϩⲁⲣⲟ⳼ to, toward
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲁ- from
ⲉⲑⲏ to the front, forwards
ⲥⲁⲧϩⲏ before, formerly, after-ward, henceforth
ⲙⲉⲉⲧⲑϩⲁⲑⲏ in front of, before
ϩⲓⲑⲏ to, at front, forward
ϩⲓⲱⲧ⳼ (643b)on, at, in; concering; with; fromout of; under, in time of, in presence ofat time of; and, or
ϩⲓⲛⲁⲓ thus
ⲉϩⲣⲉⲛ- , ⲉϩⲣⲁ⳼ toward faceof, to, among
ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ- in toward,before
ϩⲟⲧⲉ (w/preceding e- ) be-yond, more than, when
ϩⲟⲧⲡ⳼ ↔ ϩⲱⲧⲡ to join
ϩⲣⲏⲓ , ϩⲣⲉ m. upper part
ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ to, above, upward
ⲛϩⲣⲏⲓ upward, above
ϩⲁ up to
ϧⲉⲛ up from
ⲉϫⲉⲛ , ⲉϫⲱ⳼ upon, over; for, onaccount of; against; to; in addition to,after
ⲃⲟⲗ fore…, buten (vs binnen)
ⲙⲃⲟⲗ outside, without; spreadabroad, famed; extant, in existance
ⲥⲁⲃⲟⲗ outside of,beyond, away from; outside, without
ϣⲁⲉⲃⲟⲗ to the outside of, outof; henceforth; to the end, forever,outwards, finally, utterly, at all
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ⲉϫⲉⲛ out upon
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ from upon
ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϫⲉ- because, for ⋍ ⲂⲞⲖ <<<<< for shar car gar γάρ
ϧⲁϫⲉⲛ- , ϧⲁϫⲱ⳼ before
ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ ϧⲁϫⲱ⳼ since before
ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ , ϩⲓϫⲱ⳼ lit. on head ofupon, over
ⲙⲏⲧⲓⲍⲉ let alone, much less, notto mention
ⲙⲏⲡⲱⲥ 🇬🇷 so that, lest; perhaps.m/r shore or bank; to the other side
ϫⲉⲭⲁⲥ , ⲭⲁⲥ that is, inorder that ⇔ c'est