History - peregrineshahin/ChessProgrammingWiki GitHub Wiki

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title: History

Home * History

History of Computer Chess - about ancient programs, computer chess pioneers and chess programming history.

Early Theorists

Ernst Zermelo
1871 - 1953

Norbert Wiener
1894 - 1964

John von Neumann
1903 - 1957

Konrad Zuse
1910 - 1995

Alan Turing
1912 - 1954

Claude Shannon
1916 - 2001

Famous Historic Computers and Programs

| Computer - Program | Author(s) | Year | Features | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | El Ajedrecista | Leonardo Torres y Quevedo | 1912 | Electro-mechanical KRK Solver | | Turochamp | Alan Turing, David Champernowne | 1948 | "paper machine" | | Machiavelli | Donald Michie, Shaun Wylie | 1948 | "paper machine" | | Nemes' Chess Machine | Tihamér Nemes | 1949 | Design of electro-mechanical Mate-in-two Solver | | Shannon's Chess Machine | Claude Shannon | 1950 | Relay-based chess machine | | Mate-in-two | Dietrich Prinz | 1951 | Mate-in-two Solver | | MANIAC I | Stanislaw Ulam et al. | 1956 | Los Alamos Chess 6*6 board | | The Bernstein Chess Program | Alex Bernstein et al. | 1958 | Shannon Type B | | NSS Chess Program | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon | 1958 | Shannon Type B, Alpha-Beta approx. | | Kotok-McCarthy-Program | Alan Kotok, John McCarthy et al. | 1962 | Shannon Type B, Alpha-Beta | | ITEP Chess Program | Georgy Adelson-Velsky et al. | 1963 | Shannon Type A, Alpha-Beta | | The Greenblatt Chess Program | Richard Greenblatt et al. | 1967 | Shannon Type B, Transposition Table, Opening Book | | The Technology Chess Program | James Gillogly et al. | 1970 | Shannon Type A, Pondering | | Kaissa | Mikhail Donskoy et al. | 1970 | Shannon Type A, Bitboards, Null Move Pruning | | Chess 4.0 | David Slate, Larry Atkin | 1973 | Shannon Type A, Bitboards | | Belle | Ken Thompson, Joe Condon | 1978 | Shannon Type A, Chess Hardware | | Cray Blitz | Robert Hyatt, Albert Gower, Harry Nelson | 1983 | Shannon Type A, Dynamic Tree Splitting | | HiTech | Hans Berliner et al. | 1985 | Alpha-Beta or B*, Chess Hardware | | Deep Thought | Feng-hsiung Hsu et al. | 1986 | Shannon Type A, Chess Hardware |

Famous Matches

• Stanford-ITEP Match
• Levy versus Chess 1978
• Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1996
• Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997

The Machine Tournaments

• ACM North American Computer Chess Championship since 1970
• World Computer Chess Championship since 1974

People

Pioneers in Computer Chess and Artificial Intelligence:

• Georgy Adelson-Velsky
• Alex Bernstein
• Mikhail Botvinnik
• Alexander Brudno
• Edward Feigenbaum
• Edward Fredkin
• Jack Good
• Donald Knuth
• Alexander Kronrod
• John McCarthy
• Donald Michie
• Marvin Minsky
• Tihamér Nemes
• John von Neumann
• Allen Newell
• John Pasta
• Dietrich Prinz
• Arthur Samuel
• Claude Shannon
• Cliff Shaw
• Mikhail R. Shura-Bura
• Herbert Simon
• Christopher Strachey
• Leonardo Torres y Quevedo
• Alan Turing
• Stanislaw Ulam
• Norbert Wiener
• Ernst Zermelo
• Konrad Zuse

Chess Programming History

• History of Minimax
• History of Alpha-Beta
• History of Principal Variation Search
• History of Retrograde Analysis
• Bitboard History
• History of Null Move Pruning

Museums

related to Computer Chess History:

• The Computer History Museum
• Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum
• Russian Virtual Computer Museum

See also

• Mathematician

Publications

• David Heath, Derek Allum (1997). The Historical Development of Computer Chess and its Impact on Artificial Intelligence. Deep Blue versus Kasparov, AAAI Workshop, pdf
• Alexander Reinefeld (2005). Die Entwicklung der Spielprogrammierung: Von John von Neumann bis zu den hochparallelen Schachmaschinen. slides as pdf, Themen der Informatik im historischen Kontext Ringvorlesung an der HU Berlin, 02.06.2005 (English paper, German title)
• Jill Cirasella, Danny Kopec (2006). The History of Computer Games. CUNY Academic Works
• Dag Spicer, Kirsten Tashev (2006). The Quest to build a Thinking Machine - A History of Computer Chess. Core 5.1 a publication of The Computer History Museum
• Jaap van den Herik (2018). From Shannon to Turing to DeepMind. CG 2018 Keynote Lecture, an elaboration of the keynote lecture as

Jaap van den Herik (2018). Computer chess: From idea to DeepMind. ICGA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3

• Jonathan Schaeffer (2020). Fifty years of computer chess. ICGA Journal, Vol. 42, Nos. 2-3
• Jonathan Schaeffer (2020). The 1970 United States computer chess championship: The start of the longest-running experiment in computer science history. ICGA Journal, Vol. 42, Nos. 2-3 » ACM 1970

Forum Posts

• What Chess programs existed in the '60s? by Pete Galati, CCC, April 13, 2000
• Computer Chess History, a lot of links inside by Vincent Lejeune, January 04, 2013
• Checkmate: IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World Comp Chess by Vincent Lejeune, July 30, 2013
• Old programs CHAOS and USC by Eugene Piercy, CCC, July 11, 2015

Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC by Dann Corbit, CCC, July 11, 2015

• The mystery of Alex Bernstein by Sergei S. Markoff, CCC, June 06, 2019 » Alex Bernstein
• Widely unknown pioneering chess "paper machine" by Gunter Sсhliebs by Sergei S. Markoff, CCC, June 06, 2019

External Links

History of AI

• History of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia » Artificial Intelligence
• History of Artificial Intelligence from Stottler Henke, Inc.
• Short History of Computing, AI and Robotics by Philipp Schaumann
• The “Modern” History of Artificial Intelligence and Programs from Neuroscience Of Intelligence
• Early History Artificial Intelligence and Games

History of Computer Chess

• Classic Computer Chess - ... The programs of yesteryear by Carey, hosted by the Internet Archive [1]
• Computer chess chronology (1729-2011) in Wikipedia
• Core 5.1 Computer Chess (pdf) from The Computer History Museum
• Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI by L. Stephen Coles, October 30, 2002, Dr. Dobbs
• Chess Computers - The UK Story from Chess Computer UK by Mike Watters
• Computer Chess History Pages, CSVN
• Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess (pdf) by Michael Brudno (May 2000)
• Les premiers automates, blitzchess.fr (French)
• Historic Pictures from the Rebel site of Ed Schröder
• History of Computer Chess from The Computer History Museum
• The History of Computer Chess - an AI Perspective, September 08, 2005, The Computer History Museum, YouTube Video no longer available [2]

Murray Campbell, Edward Feigenbaum, David Levy, John McCarthy, Monty Newborn

• A Brief History of Computer Chess | The Best Schools by Erik J. Larson
• "20 Halbzüge nach 30 Millionen Jahren" by Stephan Oliver Platz, ChessBase Nachrichten, November 20, 2017 (German) incorporated in

TCEC: Superfinal Houdini vs Komodo by Stephan Oliver Platz, ChessBase News, November 23, 2017 » TCEC Season 10

• The History of Computer Chess - Part 1 - The 'Mechanical' Turk by Simon Williams, Chess.com, May 31, 2019
• The History of Computer Chess - Part 2 - Turochamp by Simon Williams, Chess.com, July 15, 2019 » Turochamp
• The History of Computer Chess - Part 3 - Alex Bernstein by Simon Williams, Chess.com, August 31, 2019 » Alex Bernstein
• The History of Computer Chess - Part 4 - Alex Bernstein continued... by Simon Williams, Chess.com, September 28, 2019

Computer Chess - A Movie

• Compter Chess - A Movie by Andrew Bujalski, Sundance Film Festival, 2013 [3]

• Computer Chess (film) from Wikipedia

• Computer Chess | Facebook

• The United States Chess Federation - A New Lens on Computer Chess by Dr. Alexey Root, August 14, 2011

• The United States Chess Federation - The Making of Computer Chess by Dr. Alexey Root, July 17, 2013

• Computer Chess Official Trailer 1 (2013) - Comedy Movie HD, YouTube Video

• Checkmate: Members of IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World of Computer Chess, June 1, 2013 » Murray Campbell, Deep Blue

References

1. ↑ Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC by Dann Corbit, CCC, July 11, 2015
2. ↑ An Oldie but a Goodie by Stuart Cracraft, CCC, August 16, 2008
3. ↑ Computer Chess – the movie, ChessBase News, January 21, 2013

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