Hardware Security - seedon198/Cyber-Resilience-Act GitHub Wiki

Hardware Security

CRA Hardware Security Requirements

Overview

Hardware security forms the foundation of CRA compliance for physical products with digital elements.

Essential Hardware Security Controls

Secure Boot and Trusted Execution

  • Hardware Root of Trust: Immutable security foundation
  • Secure Boot Process: Cryptographic boot verification
  • Trusted Platform Module (TPM): Hardware security functions
  • Hardware Security Module (HSM): Cryptographic processing

Cryptographic Implementation

  • Hardware Random Number Generation: Entropy sources
  • Cryptographic Accelerators: Secure crypto operations
  • Key Storage: Hardware-protected key management
  • Side-Channel Protection: Resistance to physical attacks

Physical Security Features

  • Tamper Detection: Physical intrusion detection
  • Tamper Response: Automatic security responses
  • Debug Port Protection: Secure development interfaces
  • Fault Injection Resistance: Error-based attack protection

Hardware Security Assessment

Penetration Testing Methodology

  1. Reconnaissance: Device architecture analysis
  2. Physical Inspection: Component identification
  3. Interface Analysis: Debug and communication ports
  4. Firmware Extraction: Memory dump techniques
  5. Side-Channel Analysis: Power and electromagnetic analysis
  6. Fault Injection: Glitching and voltage manipulation

Testing Tools and Equipment

  • Logic Analyzers: Protocol analysis
  • Oscilloscopes: Signal analysis
  • Chip-off Tools: Memory extraction
  • JTAG/SWD Debuggers: Interface access
  • Power Analysis Equipment: Side-channel testing
  • Fault Injection Tools: Glitching equipment

Embedded System Security

Microcontroller Security

  • Secure Microcontrollers: Built-in security features
  • Memory Protection: Execution prevention
  • Privilege Separation: Access control mechanisms
  • Watchdog Timers: System integrity monitoring

Firmware Security

  • Secure Code Practices: Vulnerability prevention
  • Code Signing: Firmware authenticity
  • Update Mechanisms: Secure patch delivery
  • Rollback Protection: Version integrity

Communication Security

  • Secure Protocols: Encrypted communication
  • Authentication: Device identity verification
  • Network Segmentation: Isolation controls
  • Intrusion Detection: Anomaly monitoring

IoT Device Security

Consumer IoT Requirements

  • EN 303 645 Compliance: Consumer IoT standard
  • Default Security: Secure initial configuration
  • Update Mechanisms: Automatic security updates
  • Vulnerability Disclosure: Coordinated disclosure process

Industrial IoT Security

  • IEC 62443 Compliance: Industrial cybersecurity standard
  • Operational Technology: OT security requirements
  • Safety Systems: Functional safety integration
  • Legacy Integration: Retrofit security measures

Hardware Security Validation

Security Testing Procedures

  1. Static Analysis: Hardware design review
  2. Dynamic Testing: Runtime security validation
  3. Penetration Testing: Adversarial assessment
  4. Side-Channel Testing: Physical attack resistance
  5. Fault Tolerance Testing: Error handling validation

Certification Requirements

  • Common Criteria: Security evaluation standard
  • FIPS 140-2/3: Cryptographic module validation
  • Product Certification: Third-party validation
  • Ongoing Assessment: Periodic re-evaluation

Implementation Guidelines

Design Phase Security

  • Threat Modeling: Architecture security analysis
  • Security Requirements: Functional security specifications
  • Component Selection: Secure hardware components
  • Attack Surface Minimization: Reduce exposure points

Development Phase Security

  • Secure Coding: Vulnerability prevention practices
  • Security Testing: Continuous security validation
  • Code Review: Peer security assessment
  • Tool Integration: Automated security analysis

Production Phase Security

  • Secure Manufacturing: Production security controls
  • Supply Chain Security: Component authenticity
  • Quality Assurance: Security testing in production
  • Secure Distribution: Product delivery protection

Emerging Technologies

Next-Generation Security

  • Hardware-based AI Security: ML accelerator protection
  • Quantum-Resistant Cryptography: Post-quantum security
  • Edge Computing Security: Distributed processing protection
  • 5G/6G Security: Next-generation connectivity security

Advanced Attack Techniques

  • Machine Learning Attacks: AI-based exploitation
  • Supply Chain Attacks: Component compromise
  • Advanced Persistent Threats: Long-term infiltration
  • Zero-Day Exploits: Unknown vulnerability exploitation

For hardware security details, see Hardware Security. For risk assessment, visit Risk Assessment.