“Semantic analysis of literature on Plant Invasive Species” the research work was conducted to extract knowledge from machine read material. It includes copying the large quantities of material, extracting the data and then recombining it to identify patterns. It works on available open access literature related to plant invasive species by downloading paper from Euorpe Pub Med Central with the following objective:

• To establish a dictionary which will be used to search for annotated scientific literature.

• To create a corpus of an invasive plant by using the getpapers toolkit.

• To get possible information about geographical location of invasive plants.

The project develops and implements open-source tools such as Wikipedia, Wikidata, Python, Java and data mining in combination with conceptual tools for discovering, combining, cleaning and semantically categorizing scholarly documents that contain a significant number of plant invasive species. The project aims to make information accessible to the community incoherent manner. Here, we used GitHub as an Open Notebook tool to store the information of each activity. The project has grown significantly and branched out into different areas of research. The various parts of the project are as follows:

The project aims to develop a semantic atlas of invasive plant and their properties like geographical location/country.

The link to the project page: https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen#readme (1)

It includes:

• Content mining of Open Phytochemical literature for plant medicinal activities.

• It is an open project, started to analyse or study the activity and composition of plant essential oils available in open excess literature, using EuropePMC and ContentMine’s pygetpapers/ami.

• It includes information like:

-- Plant name and its identity

-- Plant phytochemical composition (chemicals)

-- Literature search

-- Experimental determination of activity.

Figure 1: Showing Introduction of the CEVOpen project.

The word "invasive" originated from the French word "invasif" meaning "tending to invade" or "aggressive". Invasive species the species that are not naturally found in a native environment, they are introduced by the people in an environment willingly or accidentally. The new introduced species has a negative impact on its new environment. It invades the habitat/ region, causing ecological, environmental, and economic damage. Invasive species may include organisms like- plants, animals, algae, fungi, microbes etc. They are also called ‘Alien species.

Some characteristics shown by invasive species:

• Fast growth - They have shorter life cycles, invest heavily in reproduction, produce more seeds, display better dispersal, and even germinate faster
• Phenotypic plasticity: the ability to grow in the newly introduced environment.
• Ecological competence: a too high tolerance for a wide range of environmental conditions.
• Ability to feed on a range of foods.

Apart from being harmful to the native habitat, the invasive plants are being introduced by people in their country knowingly or unknowingly by considering them as “ornamental plants” also because of a short benefit they provide.

• Invasive species also helps the environment by providing food, nesting sites, and shelter.
• They help to prevent soil erosion by securing sediment and soil.

• It is important to study invasive species as they have devastating impacts on native biota or natural ecosystems by destroying or replacing native food.
• They can disturb the food chain.
• They can also alter the abundance or diversity of species that are important habitats for native life.
• In their new habitat, invasive species may become predators, competitors, parasites and diseases of native or domesticated plants and animals.

“Once an invasive species arrives it’s about impossible to get rid of it.” (2)

Invasive plant species have a drastic impact on the native population, species, community and ecosystem. According to biologists, the complete eradication of invasive species is difficult because of their varying seasons but a control strategy can be feasible for the impact caused by invasive species.

• Some of the methods used are:

a) Mechanical removal of invasive plants from an area.

b) Construction of barriers to prevent their spread.

c) Reduction of their population size by biochemical methods- biocides.

Researchers across the world teamed up to built-up information about the worldwide spread of invasive species and their threats, providing a global-scale outlook at how the introduction and spread of invasive species could shift in coming decades as a result of increasing globalization and climate change.

• According, to** “The Times” data,** researchers found that the United States and China act as the top sources of invasive species because of the high level of trade across the world (3). It has been reported that countries like- Peru, Thailand, Afghanistan, Angola etc are at the a high risk of invasive species invasion and they have a low capacity to respond to the invasion because of lack of resources.

• Some of the most aggressive Invasive Plant species are Lantana camara native species of Central and South America, Prosopis juliflora, native to Mexico, Central northern South America. Followed by Kudzu, this invasive plant has become a very serious problem in countries like United States Fiji, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, and Canada. Other Plant species namely Caulerpa Seaweed, Cheatgrass, Giant Hogweeds also among the most aggressive Invasive Plant species found around the world. Cheatgrass is mostly found in the United States and Giant Hogweed possibly the newest most aggressive plant Invasive species on earth, it has become a huge concern that is rapidly spreading across Canada.(4)

To find information about invasive species refer to the following link-

• GISD DATABASE - Global Invasive Species Database (http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/)

Figure 2: Showing the GISD database webpage.

• Collect information from all freely visible scientific publications on plant invasive species and transform them into an uniform form.

• Use of text mining machines to extract meaning from articles.

• To build a dictionary containing around 400 plant invasive species with terms, synonyms, common names, taxon name, wiki data ID, wiki data URL, Wikipedia URL, image, map view for search, classification and understanding.

Invasive, alien, or non-native species are the plant species which show a major threat to local or global biodiversity, including negative socio-economic and human health impacts. Invasive species hinders the ecology of natural ecosystems by displacing native plant and animal species that depends upon them by reducing the biodiversity (5). The positive socio-economic effect mediated the rapid spread of invasive alien species in the forest in rural or urban areas (6). Therefore, various policies and legislation rules are in place to regulate the spread of invasive alien species in the forest ecosystem. Hybridization, species competition and the spread of diseases are the major threats caused by invasive species in the forest ecosystem. The key factor that causes the spread of invasive alien species is human activities, that is, large population. A large number of human activities has been found responsible for the spread of invasive plant species, for example, the construction of a road within the forest might be responsible for the dispersal of plant alien species seed through soil or construction material (7). Along with human activities, natural climatic activities like- wind, rain etc provide invasive plant species to spread and invade. The spread of invasive alien species disturbs the native species individual performance and reduce species diversity that leads to irreversible change in species composition, Impatiens parviflora in Europe has a huge impact on native species growth and proliferation. Also due to nutrient availability intensifies the inter/intraspecies competition for limited resources. Invasive plant species are one of the main threats to biodiversity. In forest ecosystems, the threats caused by invasive plant species include transmission of diseases, hybridization, and species competition. Langmaier M and Lapin K Systematically studied the impact of Invasive Plant species on afforestation of European Temperate Forests. Study identified 53 vascular plant species having a negative influence on forest regeneration in Central European forests. Study found that 21 plant species are reported to be impacted by invasive species. The results of the review synthesis showed the impact mechanisms affect the regeneration success of native plant species. They are competition for resources, chemical, physical and structural impact on regeneration and indirect impact through interaction with other species (8). Invasive species destroy biodiversity in many ways. When an invasive species enters the ecosystem, it may lack natural enemies or control. It can reproduce and spread quickly, taking over an area. Native wildlife may not have evolved defences against this species, or they may not be able to compete with a species that has no predators (9).

In an assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems conducted by a group of scientists. The review shows that invasive plant species are far more likely to cause significant impacts on native plant and animal richness on islands rather than mainland. Study showed that there is no universal measure of impact and the pattern observed depends on the ecological measure examined. Although impact is highly context dependent, some species traits, especially life form, stature, and pollination syndrome, may provide a means to predict impact, regardless of the specific habitat and geographic area where the invasion occurs, it can be used as a predictive indicator of impact. (10)

Invasive species have a negative environmental impact and social impacts, including biodiversity loss, thereby understanding the impact of invasive plant species has important application for invasive species management in general (11). By studying the environmental impact of interventions for managing invasive species- by targeting an invasive species and studying the habitat or environment it invades followed by designing some strategies that study the prevention or control to prevent the spread of plant invasive species.

Control of Invasive species- Invasive plant species can negatively impact the establishment and growth of native plants and several ecosystem properties, such as soil cover, nutrient cycling, fire regimes and hydrology. Controlling invasive plants is therefore a necessary, yet usually expensive, step towards the restoration of an ecosystem. Decisions about which control method to use depend on the invasive plant species' growth forms, the economic situation of the country where the sites are located and the available resources for control of those species. Developed countries tend to use more chemical control, while less developed countries are more likely to use non-chemical methods.

There are three main methods used for control of invasive species - biological, mechanical, and chemical.

• Biological control is the intentional manipulation of natural enemies by humans for the purpose of controlling pests.
• Mechanical control includes mowing, hoeing, cultivation, and hand pulling.
• Chemical control is the use of herbicides. (12)

Invasive species are a big threat to biodiversity and impacting the environment around the world, thereby it is important to research in this area to find new better preventive techniques to slow down their spread across the globe.

In this study we assess the potential of large-scale data mining system applied to Europe PubMed Central (PMC) full texts. We present extensive evaluation of textual data available for plant invasive species further we combine text mining information with countries from other experimental dictionaries. All large scale data sets as well as manually curated data are made publicly available at GitHub to stimulate the application of text mining data in future plant sciences studies.

GISD- The Global Invasive Species Database is a free online platform managed by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN species Survival Commission for searchable source of information about Invasive species and its negative impacts on biodiversity. GISD aims to increase public knowledge and awareness about invasive species, and to facilitate effective management and preventive activates by disseminating expert knowledge and experience to global audience. GISD focuses on invasive species that harm biodiversity and natural areas, it also provides information about all taxonomic groups from micro-organisms to animals and plants.

• It is a tool developed for searching research articles from the EuropePMC, IEEE, ArXiv and Crossref API by using the command line service.
• Further read at:https://github.com/ContentMine/getpapers
• Installation: https://github.com/petermr/tigr2ess/blob/master/installation/windows/INSTALLATION.md

1. Go to the nvm-windows and download the latest version of nvm-setup.zip
2. To install the node, run nvm install latest in the command-line
3. To install the getpapers, run npm install --global getpapers

• Give command getpapers in command line to check for installation, cmd should look like-

C:\Users\HP PC>getpapers

  Usage: getpapers [options]

  Options:

    -h, --help                output usage information
    -V, --version             output the version number
    -q, --query <query>       search query (required)
    -o, --outdir <path>       output directory (required - will be created if not found)
    --api <name>              API to search [eupmc, crossref, ieee, arxiv] (default: eupmc)
    -x, --xml                 download fulltext XMLs if available
    -p, --pdf                 download fulltext PDFs if available
    -s, --supp                download supplementary files if available
    -t, --minedterms          download text-mined terms if available
    -l, --loglevel <level>    amount of information to log (silent, verbose, info*, data, warn, error, or debug)
    -a, --all                 search all papers, not just open access
    -n, --noexecute           report how many results match the query, but don't actually download anything
    -f, --logfile <filename>  save log to specified file in output directory as well as printing to terminal
    -k, --limit <int>         limit the number of hits and downloads
    --filter <filter object>  filter by key value pair, passed straight to the crossref api only
    -r, --restart             restart file downloads after failure

Figure 3: Showing cmd window for getpaper installation.

-General syntax: getpapers -q < “project title”> -o <output directory> -x<xml> -p<pdf> -k <limit of papers>

• It is a python version of getpapers. This software is developed to access open scientific repositories, gather hits and download articles in a systematic and non-interactive manner.

• Further read: https://github.com/petermr/pygetpapers

• Installation: https://github.com/petermr/pygetpapers/blob/main/README.md#6-installation

1. Download python along with pip from: https://www.python.org/downloads/
2. Cloned the repository using git clone command to the local computer: git clone https://github.com/petermr/pygetpapers
3. Run the command: pip install git+git://github.com/petermr/pygetpapers

• Give command pygetpapers in the command line to check for installation, the cmd window should look like-

C:\Users\HP PC>pygetpapers
usage: pygetpapers [-h] [-v] [-q QUERY] [-o OUTPUT] [-x] [-p] [-s] [--references REFERENCES] [-n]
                   [--citations CITATIONS] [-l LOGLEVEL] [-f LOGFILE] [-k LIMIT] [-r RESTART] [-u UPDATE]
                   [--onlyquery] [-c] [--makehtml] [--synonym]

Welcome to Pygetpapers version 0.0.3.3. -h or --help for help

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -v, --version         output the version number
  -q QUERY, --query QUERY
                        query string transmitted to repository API. Eg. "Artificial Intelligence" or "Plant Parts". To
                        escape special characters within the quotes, use backslash. Incase of nested quotes, ensure
                        that the initial quotes are double and the qutoes inside are single. For eg: `'(LICENSE:"cc
                        by" OR LICENSE:"cc-by") AND METHODS:"transcriptome assembly"' ` is wrong. We should instead
                        use `"(LICENSE:'cc by' OR LICENSE:'cc-by') AND METHODS:'transcriptome assembly'"`
  -o OUTPUT, --output OUTPUT
                        output directory (Default: Folder inside current working directory named )
  -x, --xml             download fulltext XMLs if available
  -p, --pdf             download fulltext PDFs if available
  -s, --supp            download supplementary files if available
  --references REFERENCES
                        Download references if available. Requires source for references
                        (AGR,CBA,CTX,ETH,HIR,MED,PAT,PMC,PPR).
  -n, --noexecute       report how many results match the query, but don't actually download anything
  --citations CITATIONS
                        Download citations if available. Requires source for citations
                        (AGR,CBA,CTX,ETH,HIR,MED,PAT,PMC,PPR).
  -l LOGLEVEL, --loglevel LOGLEVEL
                        Provide logging level. Example --log warning <<info,warning,debug,error,critical>>,
                        default='info'
  -f LOGFILE, --logfile LOGFILE
                        save log to specified file in output directory as well as printing to terminal
  -k LIMIT, --limit LIMIT
                        maximum number of hits (default: 100)
  -r RESTART, --restart RESTART
                        Reads the json and makes the xml files. Takes the path to the json as the input
  -u UPDATE, --update UPDATE
                        Updates the corpus by downloading new papers. Takes the path of metadata json file of the
                        orignal corpus as the input. Requires -k or --limit (If not provided, default will be used)
                        and -q or --query (must be provided) to be given. Takes the path to the json as the input.
  --onlyquery           Saves json file containing the result of the query in storage. The json file can be given to
                        --restart to download the papers later.
  -c, --makecsv         Stores the per-document metadata as csv.
  --makehtml            Stores the per-document metadata as html.
  --synonym             Results contain synonyms as well.

Figure 4: showing cmd window for successful installation of pygetpapers.

• General syntax: pygetpapers -q < “project title”> -o <output directory> -x <xml> -p <pdf> -k <paper limit> -c <csv metadata file>

It is a toolkit to analyse collected document on local storage. The software is written in Java. It turns documents into knowledge. It includes features tools for downloading scientific papers, creating sections and XML, analyzing components (text, tables, diagrams), creating dictionaries and searching.

-Further read: https://github.com/petermr/ami3

-Installation: https://github.com/petermr/openVirus/wiki/INSTALLING-ami3

1. Download the backend software such as Java, JDK, maven and git and set the path for them
2. Open the command line and git clone the repository ami3: git clone https://github.com/petermr/ami3
3. In ami3 path, run the command: MVN install -Dmaven.test.skip=true

C:\Users\HP PC>ami --help
[picocli WARN] Could not format '@|bold ami 2020.08.09_09.54-NEXT-SNAPSHOT|@
(jar:file:/C:/Users/HP%20PC/ami3/target/appassembler/repo/ami3-2020.08.09_09.54-NEXT-SNAPSHOT.jar)' (Underlying error: Conversion = 'P'). Using raw String: '%n' format strings have not been replaced with newlines. Please ensure to escape '%' characters with another '%'.
Usage: ami [OPTIONS] COMMAND

`ami` is a command suite for managing (scholarly) documents: download, aggregate, transform, search, filter, index,
annotate, re-use and republish.
It caters for a wide range of inputs (including some awful ones), and creates de facto semantics and an ontology (based
on Wikidata).
`ami` is the basis for high-level science/tech applications including chemistry (molecules, spectra, reaction), Forest
plots (metaanalyses of trials), phylogenetic trees (useful for virus mutations), geographic maps, and basic plots (x/y,
scatter, etc.).

Parameters:
===========
      [@<filename>...]       One or more argument files containing options.
Options:
========
  -h, --help                 Show this help message and exit.
  -V, --version              Print version information and exit.
CProject Options:
  -p, --cproject=DIR         The CProject (directory) to process. This can be (a) a child directory of cwd (current
                               working directory) (b) cwd itself (use `-p .`) or (c) an absolute filename. The cProject
                               name is the basename of the file.
                              The default is: `C:\Users\HP PC/amiprojects/myproject`.
                              You can control the default by setting the `AMIPROJECT` environment variable.
  -r, --includetree=DIR[,DIR...]...
                             Include only the CTrees in the list. (only works with --cproject). Currently must be
                               explicit but we'll add globbing later.
  -R, --excludetree=DIR...   Exclude the CTrees in the list. (only works with --cproject). Currently must be explicit
                               but we'll add globbing later.
CTree Options:
  -t, --ctree=DIR            The CTree (directory) to process. This can be (a) a child directory of cwd (current
                               working directory, usually cProject) (b) cwd itself, usually cTree (use -t .) or (c) an
                               absolute filename. No defaults. The cTree name is the basename of the file.
  -b, --includebase=PATH...  Include child files of cTree (only works with --ctree). Currently must be explicit or with
                               trailing percent for truncated glob.
  -B, --excludebase=PATH...  Exclude child files of cTree (only works with --ctree). Currently must be explicit or with
                               trailing percent for truncated glob.
General Options:
  -i, --input=FILE           Input filename (no defaults)
  -n, --inputname=PATH       User's basename for inputfiles (e.g. foo/bar/<basename>.png) or directories. By default
                               this is often computed by AMI. However some files will have variable names (e.g. output
                               of AMIImage) or from foreign sources or applications
  -L, --inputnamelist=PATH...
                             List of inputnames; will iterate over them, essentially compressing multiple commands into
                               one. Experimental.
  -f, --forcemake            Force 'make' regardless of file existence and dates.
  -N, --maxTrees=COUNT       Quit after given number of trees; null means infinite.
  -o, --output=output        Output filename (no defaults)
Logging Options:
  -v, --verbose              Specify multiple -v options to increase verbosity. For example, `-v -v -v` or `-vvv`. We
                               map ERROR or WARN -> 0 (i.e. always print), INFO -> 1 (-v), DEBUG -> 2 (-vv)
      --log4j=CLASS=LEVEL[,CLASS=LEVEL...]
                             Customize logging configuration. Format: <classname>=<level>; sets logging level of class;
                               e.g. org.contentmine.ami.lookups.WikipediaDictionary=INFO
                             This option may be specified multiple times and accepts multiple values.
Commands:
=========
  assert               Makes assertions about objects created by AMI. Currently requires a type (null),and maybe a
                         SubdirectoryType.
  clean                Cleans specific files or directories in project.
  display              Displays files in CTree.
  download             Downloads content from remote site.
  dummy                Minimal AMI Tool for editing into more powerful classes.
  figure               creates Figures from primitives (e.g. adds XML captions to figures).experimental.
  files                Carries out file operations (copy, delete, etc.) on CProject and CTrees.
  filter               FILTERs images (initally from PDFimages), but does not transform the contents.
  forest               Analyzes ForestPlot images.
  graphics             Transforms graphics contents (often from PDF/SVG).
  grobid               Runs grobid.
  image                Transforms image contents but only provides basic filtering (see ami-filter).
  lucene               Runs Lucene (words and search) Experimental
  makeproject          Processes a directory (CProject) containing files (e.g.*.pdf, *.html, *.xml) to be made into
                         CTrees.
  metadata             Manages metadata for both CProject and CTrees.
  ocr                  Extracts text from OCR and (NYI) postprocesses HOCR output to create HTML.
  pdfbox               Convert PDFs to SVG-Text, SVG-graphics and Images.
  pixel                Analyzes bitmaps - both binary (black/white), but may be oligochrome.
  regex                Searches with regex.
  search               Searches text (and maybe SVG).
  section              Splits all divisions in XML files into sections <using XPath.
  summary              Summarizes the CTree files into a single toplevel CProject directory tree.Used to be hardcoded ,
                         but now can be controlled by glob
  svg                  Takes raw SVG from PDF2SVG and converts into structured HTML and higher graphics primitives.
  table                Writes cProject or cTree to summary table.
  transform            Runs XSLT transformation on XML (NYFI).
  words                Analyzes word frequencies.
  help                 Displays help information about the specified command
  generate-completion  Generate bash/zsh completion script for ami.

General syntax: ami -p <cproject> section

• The command is used to divide downloaded papers into sections- front, body, back, floats and groups.

General syntax: ami -p <cproject><directory> search -dictionary <path>

-It analyses and searches the keywords in the repository and create a frequency data table and histogram.

General syntax: amidict -vv –dictionary <name of dictionary> --directory <Path of the directory folder> --input <SPARQL endpoint output name> create --informat wikisparqlxml --sparqlmap wikidataURL = item, name = itemLabel, term = itemLabel --transformName wikidataID=EXTRACT(wikidataURL,./(.))

• The command is used to convert the sparql output of SPARQL endpoint into dictionary format.

• It is the python version of ami tool. It helps to read and analyse data by displaying search frequencies graphs.
• To run ami_gui.py, it is important to clone the following repositories into the local machine by using command line service.

-To run the software, following repositories have to be cloned into the local machinery by giving the command on command line prompt (cmd) : git clone (copy path of specific repository)

• dictionary: git clone https://github.com/petermr/dictionary

• CEVOpen: git clone https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen

• openDiagram: git clone https://github.com/petermr/openDiagram (8)

Command on cmd: C:\Users\HP PC\openDiagram\physchem\python>python ami_gui.py

Figure 5: Showing a tk window for ami_gui.py run for invasive species against invasive corpora for different sections.

It is a free and an open source of knowledge accessible by both humans and machines. It acts as a central storage for data including Wikipedia, Wikitionary, Wikisource, and others. It is document oriented database, focusing on items, property and identifiers (QID).

Link for wiki data main page: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page

Figure 6: Showing wikidata search page finding information of Lantana camara (aggressive invasive species).

-It is a semantic query language to formulate queries using knowledge databases.

Link for wiki data query service web page: https://query.wikidata.org/

Figure 7: showing wikidata query service page.

To run search_lib.py

Give command on cmd- C:\Users\HP PC\openDiagram\physchem\python>python search_lib.py

• Test report for search_lib.py : https://github.com/petermr/openDiagram/wiki/Test-Report-for-Search_lib

This is the process workflow for searching open repositories using linked data dictionaries, based on wiki data, retrieving information, and performing machine learning analysis to produce catalogs and knowledge graphs.

Figure 8: Showing workflow of the tools used for the work (By Radhu Ladani)

• Dictionary is a collection of terms accompanied by supporting information such as descriptions, wikidataIDs, the purpose of the project dictionaries is to:

• Identify words and phrases (“entities”) within the documents.

• To establish connections between their meaning and context (“ontologies”).

• To assemble a subset of terms that express a high-level concept of plant invasive and properties.

###Structure of dictionary-

• The dictionary is supported by XML, JSON files. The section defines specific elements and their associated attributes.
• Dictionary/Title: It is the root element containing the title, must be a single word and must be the filename’s base.
• Header/ Description: There are zero or more description elements in the header. These can include metadata about dates, maintenance and provenance.
• Entry/ Body: A dictionary’s primary component is its entries. An entry is a well-defined object that is typically associated with a Wiki data item. This assigns it a unique identifier (Q- number), obviating the need for ongoing identifier maintenance.
• The dictionary consists of 469 plant invasive species terms, with their wiki Data IDs, synonyms in English as well as other languages like- Chinese, French etc.
• Link to the summary of dictionary content: https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen/wiki/Miniproject:-Invasive-species

• Step 1. A list of 469 plant invasive species was downloaded from the GISD database site. https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen/tree/master/dictionary/Invasive_species (file name export_gisd (1).csv )

• Step 2. WikidataIDs for each plant was mentioned and a SPARQL query was created to build a dictionary ‘invasive_plant.xml’

Creation of dictionary- Procedure:

1. Go to wiki data query page: https://query.wikidata.org/ and create a SPARQL query.
2. Run the SPARQL query using following command

## Selecting the prefered label
## Selecting the prefered label
SELECT Distinct * WHERE {
  VALUES ?item {
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  }
  SERVICE wikibase:label {
    bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en".
    ?item rdfs:label ?itemLabel;
      skos:altLabel ?itemAltLabel;
      schema:description ?itemDescription.
}
  OPTIONAL {
    ?wikipedia schema:about ?item;
      schema:isPartOf <https://en.wikipedia.org/>.
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?hiwikipedia schema:about ?item;
      schema:isPartOf <https://hi.wikipedia.org/>.
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?tawikipedia schema:about ?item;
      schema:isPartOf <https://ta.wikipedia.org/>.
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?eswikipedia schema:about ?item;
      schema:isPartOf <https://es.wikipedia.org/>.
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?frwikipedia schema:about ?item;
      schema:isPartOf <https://fr.wikipedia.org/>.
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?dewikipedia schema:about ?item;
      schema:isPartOf <https://de.wikipedia.org/>.
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?zhwikipedia schema:about ?item;
      schema:isPartOf <https://zh.wikipedia.org/>.
  }
  OPTIONAL {
    ?urwikipedia schema:about ?item;
      schema:isPartOf <https://ur.wikipedia.org/>.
  }
  OPTIONAL { ?wikipedia wdt:P627 ?IUCN_taxon_ID. }
  OPTIONAL {  }
  OPTIONAL { ?wikipedia wdt:P225 ?taxon_name. }
  OPTIONAL { ?wikipedia wdt:P1843 ?taxon_common_name. }
} 

3. After getting the result, a SPARQL endpoint from the link was downloaded and got the SPARQL file.
4. Open the SPARQL file in notepad
5. Use amidict for SPARQL mapping by the following command:

amidict -vv --dictionary invasive_plants --directory plantinvasivespecies --input sparql/sparql4 create --informat wikisparqlxml --sparqlmap wikidataURL=item,wikipediaPage=wikipedia,name=itemLabel,term=itemLabel,Description=itemDescription,_p627_iucn_taxonid=ICUN_taxon_ID,_p225_taxon_name=taxon_name,_p1843_taxon_common_name=t --transformName wikidataID=EXTRACT(wikidataURL,.*/(.*)) --synonyms=itemAltLabel 

6. Commit changes in GitHub.

7. Dictionary Invasive_plant has about 460 invasive plant entries.

8. Attributes in the dictionary are: WikidataIDs, WikidataURLs, Description, Common name, plant IUCN status, Image, map view, taxon, taxon common name, synonyms etc for all the species mentioned, however "map view" is not present for each species.

Figure 9: Showing invasive plant dictionary page.

• The dictionary provides the following attributes for biological activities as well as metadata about the different entities as follows:

The description parameter defines a string that describes the entry. It is frequently generated directly from Wiki data.

• The name is the preferred name for the term. It is case-sensitive and frequently appears in the text, the name and term may or may not be synonymous.

• The taxon_common_name is name for plant taxon name.

• The wiki data ID & URL are the wiki data item’s identifiers.

• The Wikipedia page is referred to as Wikipedia. It is frequently used as term that gives a detailed information of species.

• The map.View it gives information about the geographical location of the plant.

• Dictionary link: https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen/tree/master/dictionary/Invasive_species

Mini corpus ‘invasive’ was developed:

• Query: getpapers -q "(invasive plant species)" -n -x -o invasive -k (100) -f invasive/log.txt

• The command getpapers will initiate the process and -q refers to query which is to be searched. The query is entered in inverted commas as is done in "(invasive plant species)". The next element is -o which refers to output directory and the parameter that follows it in the name of the directory which is invasive in our case. Then, -x -p corresponds to XML and PDF files to be included in our search and -k 100 limits our search to 100 files only.

• getpapers used to create corpus of plant invasive species.

• Created an Html database by using ami search

command- c:\Users\HP PC\CEVOpen\minisorpora>ami -p “invasive” search --dictionary invasive_plant.xml eo_activity.xml plant_compound.xml

Link to the corpora https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen/tree/master/minicorpora

Additionally, we are looking for alternative dictionaries on country to get the possible insights from the open scientific literature regarding the association between invasive plant and their geographical location.

The link for other dictionaries: https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen/tree/master/dictionary

The following results from the material and methods, which enable us to address the scientific question regarding plant invasive species and countries associated with them.

The successful completion of ami section command, the papers are divided into the following sections:

Figure 10: Showing ami section result of the downloaded paper.

The successful completion of ami section command, generates a complete data table representing searches in a row. (link- https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen/blob/master/dictionary/Invasive_species/full.dataTables.html )

Figure 11: Showing data table picture.

The successful completion of the ami_gui.py command for corpus ‘invasive’ in the Invasive species dictionary gives the histograms related to various sections of the paper. After analysing the data, A list of 25 plant invasive species was prepared which were common in various sections of papers like- title, table, references etc.

Figure 12: Designed Excel Sheet for ami_gui.py results, containing the species which are present in different sections of downloaded papers along with the new species and the words used to address invasive species.

Link for excel sheet https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen/blob/master/dictionary/Invasive_species/Plant_invasive%20(1).xlsx

Figure 13: Bar Chart representing the name of plant invasive species present in the downloaded literature.

The above-mentioned bar chart depicts that the ‘abstract’ and ‘title’ section of paper contains most of the names of plant invasive species. For example- All 25 species mentioned appeared in the ‘abstract’ section of the paper.

Figure 14: The bar chart represents the comparative visualisation of plant invasive species with the countries.

According to the bar graph above, United States, Europe and China are the countries which are majorly mentioned in the downloaded papers.

Link for the spreadsheet data used to make bar chart for plant invasive species and countries mentioned: https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen/blob/master/dictionary/Invasive_species/plantinvasivespecies_country_data.csv

Results were obtained through fully automated metadata extraction from a corpus of plant invasive species in the supported formats of xml and pdf using the getpapers toolkit, which divides the articles into various sections such as front, body, back, floats, and groups, each of which contains unique insights. The open scientific literature on plant invasive species and country was analyzed using the ami search engine, which reveals associations between different invasive plant species and mentioned countries.

According to the data interpreted by using "invasive" corpus, the most of invasive species like- Lantana camara, Prosopis juliflora, Alliaria petiole etc are the most studied and comes under the world topmost aggressive plant invasive species. Regions like- United States, Europe are majorly mentioned regions in downloaded literature, reason for which might be the high rate of tourism across the countries resulting for species invasion, still, further studies are required to get to any conclusion. There are many Federal and State agencies involved in regulating the invasive species, but still there are no accepted standards for regulating all types of invasive species in all geographic areas. We have included the following information resources from the open access literature for the information purpose, thereby should not be considered to be complete, as the dictionary and the resources are subject to change with time or addition of new information. The present study can extend to retrieve information about the chemical compounds present in or extracted by the invasive plant species which will help to study their spread.

The present data collected by using “invasive” corpus consisting of 100 papers, will be used for geolocation tagging by using GeoPandas and will be presented over on the world map depicting the region. The work will be continued by Bhavini Malhotra along with the help of other co-interns. I think the map view presentation will give readers a different view and increase their interest in the study.

Here are few examples of map view presentation created by me using Microsoft excel feature showing the countries mentioned in the downloaded literature with numerical numbers and shades of a specific colour. The higher number and darker shade depict the number of times a specific country been mentioned in the downloaded literature for a particular invasive plant species.

Figure 15: An example of map view presentation for Alliaria petiole and countries mentioned- United States, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Czech Republic.

Figure 16: An example of map view presentation for Prosopis juliflora and countries mentioned- United States, China, Australia, India, Germany, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey.

Figure 17: An example of map view presentation for Impatiens glandulifera and countries mentioned- United States, China, Australia, India, New Zealand, South Africa, France.

Figure 18: An example of map view presentation for Lantana camara in countries like- United States, China, Australia,, New Zealand.

Figure 19: An example of map view presentation for Lythrum salicaria and countries mentioned- United States, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina.

This is just an initial prototype presentation which will be modified later by co-interns using GeoPandas coding softwares, here is the link for GeoPandas mapping https://geopandas.org/docs/user_guide/mapping.html

CEVOpen's goal is to work as an open- source for discovering, aggregating, and semantically enriching scholarly documents that contain significant amounts of information about plant invasive species; like- their geographical locations, countries they are found in. The objective of the project is to create an automated system which is capable of reading scientific literature and extracting its structure and meaning, with a particular emphasis in plant invasive species.

Analysis of invasive plant species was based on open access literature, with a particular emphasis on their geographical location or countries. This was possible because a dictionary search was created to analyse scientific literature and to solve this problem, a corpus of invasive plant species was developed, and information was retrieved with the assistance of getpapers. The project’s main findings are based on open-source literature on plant invasive species and mentioned countries.

1. CEVOpen repository, Dr. Peter Murray- Rust, https://github.com/petermr/CEVOpen

2. Quote about invasive species by Sean Hanna, https://www.quotetab.com/quote/by-sean-hanna/once-an-invasive-species-arrives-its-about-impossible-to-get-rid-of-it

3. Time report about invasive species spread, https://time.com/4375137/invasive-species-united

4. Rosadiuk, E. “6 Of the World's Most Invasive Plant Species.” The Richest, 9 Aug. 2014, www.therichest.com/rich-list/6-of-the-worlds-most-invasive-plant-species/.

5. Zevit, Pamela & Bio, R. (2021). Battling the Alien Invasion! An overview of invasive plant species impacts in the Georgia Basin

6. Langmaier M and Lapin K (2020) A Systematic Review of the Impact of Invasive Alien Plants on Forest Regeneration in European Temperate Forests. Front. Plant Sci. 11:524969. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.524969

7. Natalie Van Hoose, Global forecast assesses countries’ invasive species risk, response capacity https://phys.org/news/2016-08-global-countries-invasive-species-response.html

8. Langmaier M and Lapin K (2020) A Systematic Review of the Impact of Invasive Alien Plants on Forest Regeneration in European Temperate Forests. Front. Plant Sci. 11:524969. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.524969

9. https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species.

10. Pyšek P, Jarošík V, Hulme PE, Pergl J, Hejda M, Schaffner U, Vilà M. A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading species' traits and environment. Glob Chang Biol. 2012 May;18(5):1725–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02636.x. PMCID: PMC3597245

11. Martin, P.A., Shackelford, G.E., Bullock, J.M. et al. Management of UK priority invasive alien plants: a systematic review protocol. Environ Evid 9, 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-020-0186-y

12. Control mechanism, National Invasive Species Information Centre https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/subject/control-mechanisms

13. openDiagram repository, Dr. Peter Murray- Rust, https://github.com/petermr/openDiagram

14. openVirus repository, Dr. Peter Murray- Rust, https://github.com/petermr/openVirus

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gJd47RJK79S0szlrFgAzZJEwK-GYFQZk/view?usp=sharing