paleolithic inventions - pannous/hieros GitHub Wiki

Middle Paleolithic

The dawn of homo sapiens around 300 ka coincides with the start of the Middle Paleolithic period. Towards the middle of this 250,000-year period, humans begin to migrate out of Africa, and the later part of the period shows the beginning of long-distance trade, religious rites and other behavior associated with Behavioral modernity.

Three different innovation events relating to fire:
Usage of fire: early middle paleolithic? 1.8 Ma ago, but not a single heated lithic 1 mya
Guarding of fire: Middle pleistocene? with global cultural spread 400k-250k ago in different hominin subpopulations
Making of fire: Upper paleolithic?

c. 700 ka: Acheulean hand axes (or 300ka?)
c. 320 ka: trade and long-distance transportation of resources (e.g. obsidian), use of pigments
c. 300 ka: Cultural spread of the Levallois technique across hominin subpopulations
279 ka: Early stone-tipped projectile weapons in Ethiopia[23]
250 ka: small flake-tools
c. 200 ka: grass sleeping mats, their ash as insecticide, Border Cave workshop near fire
c. 200 ka: Glue in Central Italy by neanderthals.[24] More complicated compound adhesives developed by homo sapiens have been found from c. 70 ka Sibudu, South Africa[25] and have been regarded as a sign of cognitive advancement.[26]
170-83 ka: Animal hides as Clothing (among anatomically modern humans in Africa).[27]
Some other evidence suggests that humans may have begun wearing clothing as far back as 100,000 to 500,000 years ago.[28]
164-47 ka: Heat treating of stone blades in South Africa.[29]
135-100 ka: Beads in Israel and Algeria[30]
100 ka: Ostrich eggshells bottles, crystal collection
100 ka: Compound paints made in South Africa[31][32][33]
100 ka: structure: series of sandstone blocks set in a semi-circle with a 180cm by 120cm oval foundation dug 30cm deep
100 ka: Funerals (in the form of burial) in Israel/Kenya[34]
90 ka: Harpoons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[35]
77 ka: Beds in South Africa[36] Artistic markings counting?
70-60 ka: Oldest arrows (evidence of blow-arrows, throw-arrows, spear-heads or bow-and-arrow technology)
70-60 ka: oldest needle, at Sibudu
Sibudu, South Africa
? ka Baskets and nets

Upper Paleolithic to Early Mesolithic

50 ka has been regarded by some as the beginning of Behavioral modernity, defining the Upper Paleolithic period, which lasted nearly 40,000 years (though some research dates the beginning of behavioral modernity earlier to the Middle Paleolithic). This is characterized by the widespread observation of religious rites, artistic expression and the appearance of tools made for purely intellectual or artistic pursuits.

47ka IUP Initial Upper Paleolithic toolkit replacing Neanderthals, with beads and necklaces
49-30 ka: Ground stone tools – fragments of an axe in Australia date to 49-45 ka, more appear in Japan closer to 30 ka, and elsewhere closer to the Neolithic.[42][43]
47 ka: mines in Swaziland, and extracted hematite for red pigment ochre.[44][45]
44 ka: Long Flint Knives (Ahmarian)
44–42 ka: Tally sticks (see Lebombo bone) in Swaziland[46]
43.7 ka: Cave painting in Indonesia[47][48]
40-20 ka: Domestication of the Grey Wolf[49]
40 ka: three-ply cord from a Neanderthal site
37 ka: Mortar and pestle in Southwest Asia.[50]
36 ka: Hemp Weaving – Indirect evidence from Czechia[51], Georgia[52] and Moravia.[53] The earliest actual piece of woven cloth was found in Çatalhöyük, Turkey[54][55]
36 ka: Hemp Weaving for bags and sacks?
35 ka: Flute in Germany[56] 70 ka South Africa?
33-10 ka: Star chart in France[57] and Spain.[58] Symbolism
28 ka: Rope[59]
28 ka: Phallus in Germany[60]
26 ka: Ceramic Figurines in Europe.[61] (not pottery)
23 ka: gardening : intensive usage of plants in the Levant, Ohalo II site
20 ka: string cordage found on fired clay in Europe, two-ply laid rope 7 mm diameter 15 ka
19 ka: Bullroarer in Ukraine[62]
18 ka: First and only settlement Kebaran culture
18 ka: painted stones and plaquettes, Kebaran and Europe
17 ka - 13 ka: communal storage, communal graves, signs of violence
16 ka: Pottery in China, Korea, Japan[63]
14.5 ka: Bread in Jordan[64][65]
14 ka: Dentistry in northern Italy[66]
14 ka: subterranean stone foundations for tents, No traces of mudbrick yet
11 ka: war ! Jebel Sahaba in Sudan

round houses have a diameter between three and six meters, and they contain a central round or subrectangular fireplace. In Ain Mallaha traces of postholes have been identified. Villages/camps can cover 15 to over 1,000 square meters.

40ka? old aboriginal techniques used before european settlers arrived:
aboriginal inventions :
The boomerang
Weirs and fish traps
"Firestick farming" controlled burning
Water bag 'fridge'
nets, clothing, baskets
grind seeds
ground edges on natural stone / glass tools
didgeridoo < proto-flutes
TOYS: attles, dolls, spinning tops, and balls, toy propellers out of strips of long leaves
game using spinning tops made from a rainforest gourd, beeswax, bark fibre and hardwood. ??

Tents? and Houses?
Early Signs of both before Gobekli Tepe: Stone circles as foundation/tent-poles?

Three different house architectures developing in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC
Initially Round houses the south Levante, square in the North

Hütte Hut comes from Hide!

Mesolithic Egypt

The Harifians are viewed as migrating out of the Fayyum and the eastern deserts of Egypt during the late Mesolithic to merge with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)[b] culture, whose tool assemblage resembles that of the Harifian. This assimilation led to the Circum-Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex, a group of cultures that invented nomadic pastoralism, and may have been the original culture which spread Proto-Semitic languages throughout Mesopotamia.

Neolithic

Around 6000 BC, Neolithic settlements appear all over Egypt.[19] Studies based on morphological, genetic, and archaeological data have attributed these settlements to migrants from the Fertile Crescent

Neolithic inventions