Assembly language
- C
  - Replace assembly in Unix (Bell Labs) 🔗
  - Kernels. 🔗
  - C++
    - является своего рода преемником оригинального языка программирования C 🔗
    - C++ появился в 1985 году на компиляторе Cfront. Бьёрн взял за основу С и добавил к нему механизмы абстракции, конструкторы, деструкторы и тому подобное. 🔗
    - C with OOP (Bell Labs) 🔗
    - Low-level systems programming. 🔗
    - Java
      - Portable, garbage collected alternative to C++ (Sun) 🔗
      - Business applications and Android. 🔗
      - C#
        
        Microsoft’s own Java (Microsoft) 🔗
        
        Business applications that run on Microsoft systems. 🔗
      - Groovy
      - Scala
      - Kotlin
        
        считается преемником Java 🔗
        
        Modern Java for Android (JetBrains) 🔗
    - Rust
      - promising replacement for C and C++, particularly for systems-level programming, infrastructure projects, embedded software development 🔗
      - Memory safety with zero overhead (Mozilla) 🔗
      - Low-level systems programming. 🔗
    - Carbon
      - позиционируют его одновременно и как замену, и как преемника C++ 🔗
  - Zig
    - Replace C with a modern and safer language 🔗
JavaScript
- Scripting language for the web browser (Netscape) 🔗
- Web frontend. 🔗
- Dart
  - полноценная альтернатива JavaScript 🔗
  - Multi-platform apps with Flutter (Google) 🔗
- TypeScript
  - способен полностью заменить JavaScript 🔗
  - JavaScript with type safety (Microsoft) 🔗
  - Web frontend. 🔗
Go
- Write servers and tools at Google scale (Google) 🔗
- High performance servers. 🔗
Ruby
- “True object-oriented” scripting language, popularized by Rails 🔗
- Web backend. 🔗
PHP
- Web pages 🔗
- Web backend. 🔗
Python
- Scripting language for web apps, tools, scientific computing and ML (CWI, CNRI) 🔗
- Scientific computing and machine learning. 🔗
MATLAB
- Numeric/Scientific computing. 🔗
- Octave
R
- Statistics (University of Auckland) 🔗
- Statistics. 🔗
Julia
- Numeric/Scientific computing. 🔗
FORTRAN
- Numeric/Scientific computing. 🔗
Objective-C
- Swift
  - преемник Objective-C 🔗
  - Modern Objective-C for iOS and macOS (Apple) 🔗
  - Apps that run on Apple systems. 🔗
SQL
- PL/SQL
- Transact-SQL
Bourne shell
PowerShell
Haskell
Lisp
- Clojure
  - jank
- Racket
OCaml
- F#
Erlang
- Elixir
- Gleam
Prolog
D
Perl
Pascal
- Object Pascal
  - Delphi
BASIC
- Visual Basic
  - Visual Basic .NET
Smalltalk
Scheme
Lua
- Embeddable scripting language (PUC-Rio) 🔗
- Embedded into other languages. 🔗
Nim
Ada
COBOL
- Business applications. 🔗
ALGOL
Haxe