"Old Style" String Formatting (% Operator):

• 'Hello, %s' % name: format string value
• '%x' % errno: use the %x format specifier to convert an int value to a string
• 'Hey %(name)s, there is a 0x%(errno)x error!' % {"name": name, "errno": errno }: % format with dict

"New Style" String Formatting (str.format)(坏处是如果有大量的元素要赋值要写多个赋值符号,此时可以生成一个dict然后unpackage这个dict, 或者升级python用f-string)

• "Hello, {}. You are {}.".format(name, age): replace fields are marked by curly braces

• "Hello, {1}. You are {0}.".format(age, name): reference variables by their index

• with param assignment

  person = {'name': 'Eric', 'age': 74}
  "Hello, {name}. You are {age}.".format(name=person['name'], age=person['age'])

• unpackage with dict

  person = {'name': 'Eric', 'age': 74}
  "Hello, {name}. You are {age}.".format(**person)

format可以扩展很多格式

• ^ < >: 分别表示居中 左对齐 右对齐 后面带宽度
• : 号后面带填充的字符 只能是一个字符 不指定则默认是用空格填充
• +: 表示在正数前显示*+* 负数前显示 - （空格）表示在正数前加空格
• b d o x: 分别是二进制(Binary system) 十进制(Decimal system) 八进制(Octal number system) 十六进制(Hexadecimal)
• {}: 使用大括号 {} 来转义大括号

相关例子如下: f stand for float, d stand for decimal

• {:.2f}: 保留小数点后两位 "{:.2f}".format(3.1415926); "3.14"
• {:+.2f}: 带符号保留小数点后两位 "{:.2f}".format(3.1415926); "+3.14"
• {:.0f}: 不带小数
• {:0>2d}: 数字补零 (填充左边, 宽度为2) "{:0>2d}".format(5); "05"
• {:x<4d}: 数字补x (填充右边, 宽度为4) "{:x<4d}".format(5); 5xxx
• {:,}: 以逗号分隔的数字格式 "{:,}".format(1000000); 1,000,000
• {:.2%}: 两位小数百分比格式 "{:.2%}".format(0.256); 25.60%
• {:10d}: 右对齐(默认) 宽度为10 "{:10d}".format(13); " 13"
• {:<10d}: 左对齐宽度为10 "{:<10d}".format(13); "13 "
• {:^10d}: 中间对齐 宽度为10 "{:^10d}".format(13); " 13 "

The f in f-strings may as well stand for fast:f-strings are faster than both %-formatting and str.format(). As you already saw, f-strings are expressions evaluated at runtime rather than constant values. Here’s an excerpt from the docs

“F-strings provide a way to embed expressions inside string literals, using a minimal syntax. It should be noted that an f-string is really an expression evaluated at run time, not a constant value. In Python source code, an f-string is a literal string, prefixed with f, which contains expressions inside braces. The expressions are replaced with their values.” (Source)

f-Strings: A New and Improved Way to Format Strings in Python 3.6

• similar to the str.format() but less verbose

  name = "Eric"
  age = 74
  f"Hello, {name}. You are {age}."

• Arbitrary Expressions: Because f-strings are evaluated at runtime, you can put any and all valid Python expressions in them. This allows you to do some nifty things

  • f"{2 * 37}": return '74'

  • name = "Eric Idle"; f"{name.lower()} is funny.": lower the str, return 'eric idle is funny.'

  • user defind function

    def to_lowercase(input):
        return input.lower()
    name = "Eric Idle"
    f"{to_lowercase(name)} is funny."
    # 'eric idle is funny.'

S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings

Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are
removed from the result.

at the end of the string and working to the front

S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings

Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
delimiter string, starting *at the end of the string and
working to the front*.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string
is a separator.

find(...)
    S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int

    Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
    such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
    arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.

    Return -1 on failure.

rfind(...)
    S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int

    Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
    such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
    arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.

    Return -1 on failure.

如果格式化的字符串中含有{}，则需要使用两个{{}}，参考这里

>>> x = " {{ Hello }} {0} "
>>> print(x.format(42))
' { Hello } 42 '