#include <thread>
#include <iostream>

class SayHello
{
public:
    void greeting(std::string const& message) const
    {
        std::cout<<message<<std::endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    std::shared_ptr<SayHello> p(new SayHello);
    std::thread t(&SayHello::greeting,p,"goodbye");
    t.join();
}

// Exception Safety and Mutexes
std::mutex m;
std::string s;

void append_with_lock_guard(std::string const& extra)
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(m);
    s+=extra;
}

void append_with_manual_lock(std::string const& extra)
{
    m.lock();
    try
    {
        s+=extra;
        m.unlock();
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        m.unlock();
        throw;
    }
}

class account
{
    std::mutex m;
    currency_value balance;
public:

    friend void transfer(account& from,account& to,
              currency_value amount)
  {
    std::lock(from.m,to.m);
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock_from(from.m,std::adopt_lock);
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock_to(to.m,std::adopt_lock);
    from.balance -= amount;
    to.balance += amount;
  }


  friend void transfer(account& from,account& to,
              currency_value amount)
{
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock_from(from.m,std::defer_lock);
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock_to(to.m,std::defer_lock);
    std::lock(lock_from,lock_to);
    from.balance -= amount;
    to.balance += amount;
}
};

class aio
{
    class io_request
    {
        std::streambuf* is;
        unsigned read_count;
        std::promise<std::vector<char> > p;
    public:
        explicit io_request(std::streambuf& is_,unsigned count_):
            is(&is_),read_count(count_)
        {}
    
        io_request(io_request&& other):
            is(other.is),
            read_count(other.read_count),
            p(std::move(other.p))
        {}

        io_request():
            is(0),read_count(0)
        {}

        std::future<std::vector<char> > get_future()
        {
            return p.get_future();
        }

        void process()
        {
            try
            {
                std::vector<char> buffer(read_count);

                unsigned amount_read=0;
                while((amount_read != read_count) && 
                      (is->sgetc()!=std::char_traits<char>::eof()))
                {
                    amount_read+=is->sgetn(&buffer[amount_read],read_count-amount_read);
                }

                buffer.resize(amount_read);
                
                p.set_value(std::move(buffer));
            }
            catch(...)
            {
                p.set_exception(std::current_exception());
            }
        }
    };

    thread_safe_queue<io_request> request_queue;
    std::atomic_bool done;

    void io_thread()
    {
        while(!done)
        {
            io_request req=request_queue.pop();
            req.process();
        }
    }

    std::thread iot;
    
public:
    aio():
        done(false),
        iot(&aio::io_thread,this)
    {}

    std::future<std::vector<char> > queue_read(std::streambuf& is,unsigned count)
    {
        io_request req(is,count);
        std::future<std::vector<char> > f(req.get_future());
        request_queue.push(std::move(req));
        return f;
    }
    
    ~aio()
    {
        done=true;
        request_queue.push(io_request());
        iot.join();
    }
};

void do_stuff()
{}

void process_data(std::vector<char> v)
{
    for(unsigned i=0;i<v.size();++i)
    {
        std::cout<<v[i];
    }
    std::cout<<std::endl;
} 

int main()
{
    aio async_io;

    std::filebuf f;
    f.open("my_file.dat",std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);

    std::future<std::vector<char> > fv=async_io.queue_read(f,1048576);
    
    do_stuff();
    process_data(fv.get());
    
    return 0;
}

template<typename R>
  bool is_ready(std::future<R> const& f)
  { return f.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(0)) == std::future_status::ready; }

struct timer_killer {
  // returns false if killed:
  template<class R, class P>
  bool wait_for( std::chrono::duration<R,P> const& time ) const {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(m);
    return !cv.wait_for(lock, time, [&]{return terminate;});
  }
  void kill() {
    {
      std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(m);
      terminate=true; // should be modified inside mutex lock
    } 
    cv.notify_all(); // it is safe, and *sometimes* optimal, to do this outside the lock
  }
  // I like to explicitly delete/default special member functions:
  timer_killer() = default;
  timer_killer(timer_killer&&)=delete;
  timer_killer(timer_killer const&)=delete;
  timer_killer& operator=(timer_killer&&)=delete;
  timer_killer& operator=(timer_killer const&)=delete;
private:
  std::condition_variable cv;
  mutable std::mutex m;
  bool terminate = false;
};