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A typical CatSim simulation model is given by:

where:

• y_i is the detector signal at sinogram index i,
  
• k is the energy index, s is the beam sub-sampling index,
  
• A_ik is the number of photons arriving at the detector without attenuator for energy bin k,
  
• I_iso is the intersection length between the line with index is and the object with index o,
  
• μ_ok is the linear attenuation coefficient of object o at energy k,
  
• y_ik^scatter is the scatter signal, for example computed by the Monte Carlo simulation,
  
• DQE is the detector quantum efficiency (fraction of photons absorbed),
  
• f_CONV is a factor to convert from keV to the number of electrons, and
  
• σ_electronic is the standard deviation of the electronic noise.
  

The following describe the different subsystem models in more detail:

• Units and conventions: describes the simulator's coordinate system and how data is stored.
• Simulation Models and Software Architecture: defines the simulator model and software architecture.

• Material files
• Phantom files
• Spectrum files

• X-ray source and focal spot
• Spectrum
• Bowtie and flat filters

• Phantoms and projectors
• Sampling
• Scatter (convolution model)

• Detector and detector modules
• Detection Process

• Gantry geometry
• Scan protocol

• Prep
• Reconstruction

• Dose Reconstruction

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