Git Interactive Rebase - tenji/ks GitHub Wiki

使用 Rebase 合并多个 Commit

大家都知道 Git 是一种分布式的版本控制工具。正因为它有「分布式」这个特性,所以理论上我们其实可以不需要连接网络,就可以进行版本管理。

命令行操作

先执行以下命令获得四个commit:

mkdir test
cd test

git init

echo "0" >> a
git add a
git commit -m "Commit-0"

echo "1" >> a
git add a
git commit -m "Commit-1"

echo "2" >> a
git add a
git commit -m "Commit-2"

echo "3" >> a
git add a
git commit -m "Commit-3"

以下是Git的提交历史:

* b1b8189 - (HEAD -> master) Commit-3
* 5756e15 - Commit-2
* e7ba81d - Commit-1
* 5d39ff2 - Commit-0

那么如何把e7ba81d(Commit-1)5756e15(Commit-2)b1b8189(Commit-3)合并到一起,并且只保留e7ba81d(Commit-1)的 Git message Commit-1呢?

这个时候我们就要祭出我们这篇文章的主角 - git rebase -i了!

-i实际上就是--interactive的简写,在使用git rebase -i时,我们要在后面再添加一个参数,这个参数应该是最新的一个想保留的 Commit。这句话读起来有点坳口,所以这个情况下通常需要举个例子。就我们前面提到的那个例子中,这个「最新的一个想保留的 Commit」就是 5d39ff2(Commit-0),于是我们的命令看起来就长这样:

git rebase -i 5d39ff2

当然,我们也可以通过HEAD~3来指定该 Commit:

git rebase -i HEAD~3

按下回车后,我们会进入到这么一个界面:

pick e7ba81d Commit-1
pick 5756e15 Commit-2
pick b1b8189 Commit-3

# Rebase 5d39ff2..b1b8189 onto 5d39ff2 (3 command(s))
#
# Commands:
# p, pick = use commit
# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message
# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
# f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
#
# These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.
#
# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
#
# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
#
# Note that empty commits are commented out

前面三行是我们需要操作的三个 Commit,每行最前面的是对该 Commit 操作的 Command。关于每个 Command 具体做什么,下面的注释写得非常清楚。为了完成我们的需求,我们可以关注到这两个命令:

s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message

为了让大家看得更明白,我不厌其烦地翻译一下:

  • squash:使用该 Commit,但会被合并到前一个 Commit 当中
  • fixup:就像squash那样,但会抛弃这个 Commit 的 Commit message

看样子两个命令都可以完成我们的需求,那么让我们先试一下squash!由于我们是想把三个 Commit 都合并在一起,并且使 Commit Message 写成Commit-1,所以我们需要把5756e15(Commit-2)b1b8189(Commit-3)前面的pick都改为squash,于是它看起来像这样:

pick e7ba81d Commit-1
squash 5756e15 Commit-2
squash b1b8189 Commit-3

当然,因为我很懒,所以通常我会使用它的缩写:

pick e7ba81d Commit-1
s 5756e15 Commit-2
s b1b8189 Commit-3

完成后,使用:wq保存并退出。这个时候,我们进入到了下一个界面:

# This is a combination of 3 commits.
# The first commit's message is:
Commit-1

# This is the 2nd commit message:

Commit-2

# This is the 3rd commit message:

Commit-3

# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
#
# Date:      Tue Jan 5 23:27:22 2016 +0800
#
# rebase in progress; onto 5d39ff2
# You are currently editing a commit while rebasing branch 'master' on '5d39ff2'.
#
# Changes to be committed:
#   modified:   a

通过下面的注释,我们可以知道,这里其实就是一个编写 Commit Message 的界面,带#的行会被忽略掉,其余的行就会作为我们的新 Commit Message。为了完成我们的需求,我们修改成这样:

Commit-1

# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
#
# Date:      Tue Jan 5 23:27:22 2016 +0800
#
# rebase in progress; onto 5d39ff2
# You are currently editing a commit while rebasing branch 'master' on '5d39ff2'.
#
# Changes to be committed:
#   modified:   a

使用:wq后,再看一下我们的 log:

* 2d7b687 - (HEAD -> master) Commit-1
* 5d39ff2 - Commit-0

任务完成!

至于 fixup 怎么用,我觉得大家现在应该已经知道了,因为我已经展示过 squash 的用法了,相信你再去看一下上面的 fixup 的解释就能明白了。

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