General notes on Surveys

LSMS, DHS, MICS ask about main water source, not multiple water sources.

Some discussion of spending but not much detail on pricing.

Should ask DHS for 2024 survey forms, wealth index method for comparability.

LSMS

Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020

Malawi, 2019 - 2020, National Statistical Office (NSO)

https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3818

Previous rounds of the IHS program have been implemented every 6-7 years, but starting with the IHS4 2016/17 round of data collection, the upcoming IHS rounds will be fielded every 3 years as in line with the NSO vision of collecting poverty data on a more frequent basis.

(So there should be a Sixth Round coming soon?)

Hence, the IHS5 strata are composed of 32 districts in Malawi.... A stratified two-stage sample design was used for the IHS5..... Note: Detailed sample design information is presented in the "Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020, Basic Information Document" document.

12,288 households from 768 Enumeration Areas were selected. Due to COVID-19, 51 Enumeration Areas were unable to be visited at the end of the 12-month fieldwork period. Due to this, the final response rate was 93 percent.

(So about 11,400 HH in 717 EAs)

Survey forms, reports, technical documents, enumerator manuals

https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3818/related-materials

Malawi IHS5 2019-20 - HH Questionnaire.pdf

Basic water and sanitation questions in Module F, Housing, of HH Questionnaire

Malawi IHS5 2019-20 - Community Questionnaire.pdf

A few questions on governance of communal resources, including water bodies.

Malawi IHS5 2019-20 - Basic Information Document.pdf

Malawi IHS5 2019-20 - Report.pdf

Malawi IHS5 2019-20 - Poverty Report.pdf

DHS

Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)

DHS-VIII (2024)

https://dhsprogram.com/methodology/survey/survey-display-592.cfm

Ongoing, March - June 2024.

23,760 HH.

No reports or survey forms found online (March 1, 2024)

DHS-VII (2015-16)

https://dhsprogram.com/methodology/survey/survey-display-483.cfm

26,361 HH.

Malawi DHS-VII 2015-16 - Report and Questionnaires.pdf

Relevant tables:

Table 2.1 Household drinking water
Table 2.2 Availability of water
Table 2.3 Household sanitation facilities
Table 2.4 Household characteristics
Table 2.5 Wealth quintiles
Table 2.6 Household possessions
Table 2.7 Hand washing

Wealth index

Described generally, did not find specifics on questions used or PCA weights.

Households are given scores based on the number and kinds of consumer goods they own, ranging from a television to a bicycle or car, and housing characteristics such as source of drinking water, toilet facilities, and flooring materials. These scores are derived with principal component analysis. National wealth quintiles are compiled by assigning the household score to each usual (de jure) household member, ranking each person in the household population by their score, and then dividing the distribution into five equal categories, each with 20% of the population.

Basic questions on water sources, treatment, toilet facilities.

Improved sources of drinking water Include piped water, public taps, standpipes, tube wells, boreholes, protected dug wells and springs, and rainwater. Because the quality of bottled water is unknown, households that use bottled water for drinking are classified as using an improved source only if their water source for cooking and hand washing comes from an improved source.

Improved toilet facilities Include any non-shared toilet of the following types: flush/pour flush toilets to piped sewer systems, septic tanks, and pit latrines; ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines; pit latrines with slabs; and composting toilets.

Malawi Malaria Indicator Survey (MMIS)

2012, 2017

2017: 150 clusters (enumeration areas), 60 urban, 90 rural. 25 households per EA, 3,750 HH total.

Several questions on water sources, treatment, toilet facilities. See Appendix E for questionnaire.

Malawi MIS 2017 - Report and Questionnaires.pdf

Malawi Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)

1995, 2006, 2013-14, 2019-20

2019-20

25,000 HH

Malawi MICS 2019-20 - Report.pdf

Wealth index. Basically using DHS methodology. See pg. 33 of Report.

Water Quality Testing -- test household and source. About 3,200 HH and sources.

WQT Questionnaire in Report

Basic water source, treatment, toilet facility, handwashing questions.

"Main source" only.