Research Resources - quantastic-solutions/Steel-Projects GitHub Wiki
Research Resources
This page compiles key academic and industry research on acoustic monitoring in steelmaking processes.
Academic Studies
Slag Foaming Studies
- Vidacak and Arvanitidis: Placed condenser microphones over industrial EAFs and discovered that sound intensity decreases as slag foam increases
- Matschullat et al.: Used wall-mounted accelerometers on an EAF to control foam with carbon injection, noting acoustic changes below ~1.3 kHz correlate with foam behavior
- Raichel et al.: Observed that foamy slag dampens overall sound level (from ~95 to 90 dB)
Arc Monitoring Research
- Burchell et al.: Recorded acoustic emissions from a 60 kW arc in a laboratory DC furnace and demonstrated that distinct frequency features correlate strongly with arc length (5, 15, 25 mm), enabling classification of operating states
Ladle and Refining Monitoring
- Martyugov et al. (2023): Proposed a stepwise acoustic event recognition model for a ladle-furnace, achieving 96% accuracy in predicting metal injection events
Industry Applications
- BOF Converter Monitoring: Installations of microphones and cameras to detect slag slopping in real time (∼80% detection rate)
- Kadam et al.: Reported an industrial trial where a microphone-mounted network captured EAF and BOF sound, including monitoring ladle de-sulfurization by sound pressure changes
Research Challenges
- Environmental Noise: A major challenge requiring dedicated probe designs and digital filtering
- Sensor Durability: Traditional vibration sensors on furnaces suffer from placement limits and wear
- Signal Processing: Need for correlating sound to known process signatures
Research Equipment
- Microphones: Commonly G.R.A.S or PCB models designed for industrial environments
- Data Acquisition: High-speed DAQ systems for capturing acoustic data
- Analysis Software: MATLAB, Python, or specialized acoustic analysis tools
Key Publications
- Kadam et al. - Acoustic monitoring studies in EAF/BOF environments
- Burchell et al. - Arc stability monitoring through acoustic emissions
- Matschullat et al. - Foam control through acoustic monitoring