This page describes the Technology dimension of the codebook, its categories, and how to tag students' pre-/post-test responses with codes from the Technology dimension.

Overview

The Technology dimension is one of four (4) high-level dimensions of the pre-/post-test codebook. Its formal definition is as follows:

Dimension	Description
Technology	Descriptions pertaining to the technology or its components that describe key elements—such as how they are developed, structured, or how they enable the technology's operations.

The Technology dimension has seven (7) Level-1 categories: Interfacing, Data-Process, Data-Quality, Resources, Security, Bugs-General, and Documentation. Some of these categories have lower categories called Level-2 categories. The rest of this page describes all of the Level-1 and Level-2 categories under the Technology dimension.

The following figure illustrates the hierarchy of the Technology dimension categories. The full definitions and examples for the categories are described in their respective subsections in this wiki. You may also use the wiki navigation on the right sidebar to jump to specific sections of categories.

Coding Data Under the Technology Dimension

When tagging data with codes under the Technology dimension, data is tagged with the lowest category level, which could be either Level-1 or Level-2, depending on whether the specific category is an end node (i.e., it does not have other categories under it). The Level-1 categories and their Level-2 categories (if any) are described in the following sections.

Level-1: Interfacing

The Interfacing category is a Level-1 category under Technology. Its formal definition is as follows:

Level-1 Category	Description
Interfacing	Descriptions about interface designs that enables interaction with the technology's features or functions, along with interaction qualities including usability qualities.

Interfacing has three (3) Level-2 categories. These Level-2 categories can be used to tag data. Their formal definitions are provided below. Example excerpts are also provided for each Level-2 category to illustrate statements that can be tagged by these categories.

Level-2: Interfacing-Modality

Level-2 Category	Description
Modality	Descriptions about the methods or modes of interaction, including input/output or sensory mechanisms, between users and the technology.

Example excerpts for Modality:

• [s24-320e-2]: "it is a foreign object being inserted into someone's body so there could be unforeseen complications associated with that depending on the person."

• [s24-320e-28]: "They can conveniently access the data through their phones."

• [s24-320e-3]: "Pros for users: Ability to monitor and control implant device wirelessly"

Level-2: Interfacing-Usability

Level-2 Category	Description
Usability	Descriptions about usability qualities related to the user experience with the technology, including but not limited to understanding the interface content, convenience of using, emotional responses, comfort, user-friendliness, and effective control.

Example excerpts for Usability:

• [s24-320e-1]: "Patients gain enhanced monitoring and control of their heart health through a user-friendly smartphone app, improving early detection and management of heart conditions"

• [s24-320e-6]: "Allows the patient to have a more comfortable experience of recording their heart health"

• [s24-320e-18]: "The ease of use and ability to share data with doctors improve patient care."

Level-2: Interfacing-Unspecified

Level-2 Category	Description
Unspecified	Descriptions about technology interfaces or use that are broad, general, or unspecified, not referring to specific instances of aspects about interfaces or interactions.

Level-1: Data-Process

The Data-Process category is a Level-1 category under Technology. Its formal definition is as follows:

Level-1 Category	Description
Data-Process	Descriptions about processes related to collection, storing, sharing, and securing data.

Data-Process has four (4) Level-2 categories. These Level-2 categories can be used to tag data. Their formal definitions are provided below. Example excerpts are also provided for each Level-2 category to illustrate statements that can be tagged by these categories.

Level-2: Data-Process-Collection

Level-2 Category	Description
Collection	Descriptions about data collection processes including determining what data to collect, identifying sources (e.g., who to collect data from), and deciding on methods of collection.

Example excerpts for Collection:

• [s24-320e-3]: "Pros for medical professionals: Can advise patient using the data collected remotely"

• [s24-320e-15]: "Medical professionals: The identified vulnerability raises concerns about the integrity and reliability of the heart health data collected and shared through Corazón's technology."

Level-2: Data-Process-Storage

Level-2 Category	Description
Storage	Descriptions about processes related to the selection of storage medium (e.g., local or cloud), storage and retrieval of data from storage, and data formats (e.g., structured or unstructured).

Example excerpts for Storage:

• [s24-320e-2]: "The pros of this technology are the storage space for people who presumably have heart issues to have their data stored in an organized manner, and the ability to share that with medical professionals."

• [s24-320e-16]: "The app also has secure storage feature, allowing users to maintain a record of their heart health data."

Level-2: Data-Process-Sharing

Level-2 Category	Description
Sharing	Descriptions about data-sharing processes, including decisions on intended recipients, ease of sharing, modalities, and platforms, as well as the network connectivity involved. This includes the wired and wireless connections required for data communication, information exchange over a network, and cross-technology/device data sharing.

Example excerpts for Sharing:

• [s24-320e-6]: "Their data's fast and convenient shareability with medical professionals can be life-saving"

• [s24-320e-10]: "A researcher has identified a crucial vulnerability in the wireless connectivity of the device."

Level-2: Data-Process-Unspecified

Level-2 Category	Description
Unspecified	Descriptions about data that are broad, general, or unspecified, not referring to specific instances of aspects about data.

Level-1: Data-Quality

The Data-Quality category is a Level-1 category under Technology. Its formal definition is as follows:

Level-1 Category	Description
Data-Quality	Descriptions about data qualities that assist in evaluating its usefulness and reliability.

Data-Quality has five (5) Level-2 categories. These Level-2 categories can be used to tag data. Their formal definitions are provided below. Example excerpts are also provided for each Level-2 category to illustrate statements that can be tagged by these categories.

Level-2: Data-Quality-Access

Level-2 Category	Description
Access	Descriptions about data that emphasize being readily available when needed and being continuously trackable.

Example excerpts for Access:

• [s24-320e-1]: "Healthcare providers benefit from real-time data access for informed decision-making"

• [s24-320e-26]: "Easy and accessible way to check and monitor their heart health 24/7"

• [s24-320e-18]: "Remote access to data for medical professionals"

Level-2: Data-Quality-Comprehensiveness

Level-2 Category	Description
Comprehensiveness	Descriptions about data that emphasize the extent to which data required for actions and operations to be carried out are available.

Example excerpts for Comprehensiveness:

• [s24-320e-26]: "- More comprehensive history of heart health data for analysis"

• [s24-320e-29]: "- allowing users to maintain a persistent record of their heart health data, shareable with medical professionals"

• [s24-320e-2]: "For the latter, having data that ranges over some time can be helpful in their diagnosis and recommendations for the person."

Level-2: Data-Quality-Accuracy

Level-2 Category	Description
Accuracy	Descriptions about data that emphasize how accurately it represents a targeted phenomena in the technology and its operations, including the degree it has errors, incorrect values, or outdated data.

Example excerpts for Accuracy:

• [s24-320e-18]: "Consistent and accurate data"

• [s24-320e-17]: "Inaccurate data can lead to false conclusions about a patients health"

• [s24-320e-26]: "- Wasted time from potential false positives from device"

• [s24-320e-6]: "If some undetected bugs cause incorrect readings, it could lead to misdiagnoses from health professionals"

Level-2: Data-Quality-Consistency

Level-2 Category	Description
Consistency	Descriptions about data that emphasize the uniformness and consistency of data—e.g., types and representations—across datasets and systems; avoid discrepancies in data types and representations across multiple datasets and systems.

Example excerpts for Consistency:

• [s24-320e-18]: "Consistent and accurate data"

• [s24-320e-19]: "Pro: maintain consistent records of health data."

Level-2: Data-Quality-Unspecified

Level-2 Category	Description
Unspecified	Descriptions about data that are broad, general, or unspecified, without referencing specific instances or qualities.

Example excerpts for Unspecified:

• [s24-320e-6]: "Manipulated data could cause incorrect diagnoses from the doctors to the patient"

• [s24-320e-14]: "Risks to data integrity from system vulnerabilities."

• [s24-320e-22]: "The access allowed to the device also means that this data can be tampered with, giving reliability concerns."

Level-1: Operational-Logic

The Operational-Logic category is a Level-1 category under Technology. Its formal definition is as follows:

Level-1 Category	Description
Operational-Logic	Descriptions about how the technology operates internally, focusing on its algorithms, models, rule sets, operational flows, decision-making processes, or related mechanisms that mechanize its behavior and outputs.

Operational-Logic has no Level-2 categories and can be used directly to tag data. The example excerpts below illustrate statements that can be tagged by this category.

Example excerpts for Operational-Logic:

• [s24-320e-6]: "Because machine learning algorithms learn from people, it could have unintended consequences."

• [s24-320e-3]: "Technology is subject to algorithmic bias."

Level-1: Resources

The Resources category is a Level-1 category under Technology. Its formal definition is as follows:

Level-1 Category	Description
Resources	Descriptions about the computational and/or natural resources that are associated with the development or use of the technology.

Resources has four (4) Level-2 categories. These Level-2 categories can be used to tag data. Their formal definitions are provided below. Example excerpts are also provided for each Level-2 category to illustrate statements that can be tagged by these categories.

Level-2: Resources-Unspecified

Level-2 Category	Description
Unspecified	Descriptions about resources that are broad, general, or unspecified, without referencing specific instances or qualities about resources.

Example excerpts for Unspecified:

• [s24-320e-3]: "May take a lot of time and resources to fix the ML technology behind their content blocker."

Level-2: Resources-Hardware

Level-2 Category	Description
Hardware	Descriptions about hardware resources that are needed to process and execute operations, including but not limited to data storages, server infrastructure, CPUs, input/output devices, etc.

Example excerpts for Hardware:

• [s24-320e-2]: "The pros of this technology are the storage space for people who presumably have heart issues to have their data stored in an organized manner, and the ability to share that with medical professionals."

Level-2: Resources-Software

Level-2 Category	Description
Software	Descriptions about software resources that are needed to process and execute operations, including but not limited to SaaS, APIs, or other external software tools/resources.

Level-2: Resources-Natural-Resources

Level-2 Category	Description
Natural-Resources	Descriptions about natural resources that are needed to process and execute operations, including but not limited to energy, minerals, water, and/or land resources.

Level-1: Security

The Security category is a Level-1 category under Technology. Its formal definition is as follows:

Level-1 Category	Description
Security	Descriptions about technical measures for protecting the technology from unauthorized access or manipulation.

Resources has two (2) Level-2 categories. These Level-2 categories can be used to tag data. Their formal definitions are provided below. Example excerpts are also provided for each Level-2 category to illustrate statements that can be tagged by these categories.

Level-2: Security-Specified

Level-2 Category	Description
Specified	Descriptions about technology's security measures including but not limited to access control, encryption, anonymization, and backup/recovery for securing data (e.g., user or owner data), systems (e.g., physical and operational), or other assets from unauthorized access or manipulation.

Example excerpts for Specified:

• [s24-320e-3]: "Pros for users: Incorporated data encryption algorithms between phone and implant"

• [s24-320e-14]: "Convenience of wireless monitoring, secure data storage for easy access, and affordability for underserved communities."

• [s24-320e-19]: "Pro: security measures to maintain only short-range wireless contact"

• [s24-320e-24]: "There are security risks with the wireless connectivity which could allow commands to be manipulated and mislead a user."

Level-2: Security-Unspecified

Level-2 Category	Description
Unspecified	Descriptions about security that are broad, general, or unspecified, not referring to specific instances of aspects about security.

Example excerpts for Unspecified:

• [s24-320e-9]: "Healthcare providers may lose confidence in the technology's dependability and security."

• [s24-320e-12]: "For all affected communities, the security breach is definitely a problem."

Level-1: Regulation-Compliance

The Regulation-Compliance category is a Level-1 category under Technology. Its formal definition is as follows:

Level-1 Category	Description
Regulation-Compliance	Descriptions about technology related to its alignment or compliance with existing laws, regulations, policies, or legal standards.

Regulation-Compliance has no Level-2 categories and can be used directly to tag data. The example excerpts below illustrate statements that can be tagged by this category.

Example excerpts for Regulation-Compliance:

• [s24-320e-9]: "If schools and libraries rely on such a flawed system then they might fail to comply with CIPA's intention."

• [s24-320e-10]: "Parents and educators also benefit from the software's user friendly interface and public schools and libraries can use this technology to efficiently comply with legal standards."

Level-1: Bugs-General

The Bugs-General category is a Level-1 category under Technology. Its formal definition is as follows:

Level-1 Category	Description
Bugs-General	Descriptions about technology bugs that are broad, general, or unspecified, not referring to specific instances of bugs related to other technology aspects.

Bugs-General has no Level-2 categories and can be used directly to tag data. The example excerpts below illustrate statements that can be tagged by this category.

Example excerpts for Bugs-General:

• [s24-320e-28]: "Cons for the users: There is a bug in the security of the app/product, so their very personal data is vulnerable."

• [s24-320e-3]: "Cons for company: This vulnerability can lead to the loss of new and upcoming technology with many benefits"

• [s24-320e-15]: "Patients: No fall back options in case of security breach of the device or malfunction"

Level-1: Documentation

The Documentation category is a Level-1 category under Technology. Its formal definition is as follows:

Level-1 Category	Description
Documentation	Descriptions of documentation about or related to the technology, including developer-level documentation (for developer use, e.g., infrastructure and data documentation) and/or user-level documentation (for user use, e.g., how to install and use a platform).

Documentation has no Level-2 categories and can be used directly to tag data. The example excerpts below illustrate statements that can be tagged by this category.

Example excerpts for Documentation:

• [s24-320e-29]: "- Furthermore, due to the market benefits they released the product too soon without having any specific documentation and reports."

Notes

1. For codebook developers: This page needs to be updated whenever the codebook is updated.
2. These organizing levels may change over time based on feedback from codebook developers and users.