modern inventions - pannous/hieros GitHub Wiki

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Copied modified and extended from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions

Bronze Age

Late 4th millennium BC: Writing – in Sumer, Susa and Egypt
3300 BC: **swords** arsenical bronze 60 cm inlaid with silver, Arslantepe
3300 BC: Megalopolis in Uruk, Sumer, Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq)
3250 BC: One of the earliest known confirmed **hats** (**Ötzi**) : a bearskin cap with a chin strap, made of several hides stitched together, essentially resembling a Russian fur hat without the flaps
3200 BC: **Dry Latrines** in the city of Uruk, Iraq, with later dry squat Toilets, that added raised fired brick foot platforms, and pedestal toilets, all over clay pipe constructed drains
3000 BC: Devices functionally equivalent to **dice**, in the form of flat two-sided throwsticks, are seen in the Egyptian game of Senet. Perhaps the oldest known dice, resembling modern ones, were excavated as part of a backgammon-like game set at the Burnt City, an archeological site in south-eastern Iran, estimated to be from between 2800 and 2500 BC. Later, terracotta dice were used at the Indus Valley site of Mohenjo-daro (modern-day Pakistan)
3000 BC: **Tin extraction** in Central Asia
3000 BC - 2560 BC: **Papyrus** in Egypt
3000 BC: **Reservoir** in Girnar, Indus Valley (older?)
3000 BC: **Receipt** in Ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq) (older?)
3000 BC - 2800 BC: **Prosthesis** first documented in the Ancient Near East, in ancient Egypt and Iran, specifically for an eye prosthetics, the eye found in Iran was likely made of bitumen paste that was covered with a thin layer of gold
3000 BC - 2500 BC: Rhinoplasty in Egypt
2650 BC: The Ruler, or Measuring rod, in the subdivided Nippur, copper rod, of the Sumerian Civilisation (modern-day Iraq). [c]
2600 BC: **Planned city** in Indus Valley 
2600 BC: Public **sewage** and **sanitation** systems in Indus Valley sites such as Mohenjo-daro and Rakhigarhi (modern-day: India, Pakistan)
2600 BC: **Public bath** in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley (modern-day Pakistan)
2600 BC: **Levee dike** in Indus Valley
2600 BC: **Balance weights** and **scales**, from the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt; examples of Deben (unit) balance weights, from reign of Sneferu (c. 2600 BC) have been attributed
2556 BC: **Docks** structure in Wadi al-Jarf, Egypt, which was developed by the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu.[d]
2500 BC: **Puppetry** in the Indus Valley
2400 BC: **Fork** in Bronze Age Qijia culture in China !?!
2400 BC: Copper **drainage pipes** at the Pyramid of Sahure in an adjoining temple complex at Abusir 
2400 BC: **Touchstone** in the Indus Valley site of Banawali (modern-day India). a stone used to identify precious metals
2300 BC: **Dictionary** in Mesopotamia. ( Wordlists earlier)
2200 BC - 2000 BC: **Iron smelting** in Kaman-Kalehöyük
2200 BC: **Protractor** Phase IV, Lothal, Indus Valley (modern-day India), a Xancus shell cylinder with sawn grooves, at right angles, in its top and bottom surfaces, has been proposed as an angle marking tool
2000 BC: **Water clock** by at least the old Babylonian period (c. 2000 – c. 1600 BC), but possibly earlier from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley
2000 BC: [Chariot](/pannous/hieros/wiki/Chariot) in Russia and Kazakhstan
2000 BC: **Fountain** in Lagash, Sumer ??
2000 BC: True **Scissors** in Mesopotamia ?
1850 BC: Proto **Alphabet** (Proto-Sinaitic script) in Egypt, Ugaritic 1400 BCE!
1600 BC: Surgical treatise appeared in Egypt
1500 BC: **Sundial** in Ancient Egypt or Babylonia (modern-day Iraq)
1500 BC: **Glass** manufacture in either Mesopotamia or Ancient Egypt
1500 BC: **Seed drill** in Babylonia
1400 BC: **Rubber**, Mesoamerican ballgame
1400 BC - 1200 BC: **Concrete** in Tiryns (Mycenaean Greece). Waterproof concrete was later developed by the Assyrians in 688 BC, and the Romans developed concretes that could set underwater. The Romans later used concrete extensively for construction from 300 BC to 476 AD
1300 BC: **Lathe** in Ancient Egypt (Drehbank)
1200 BC: **Perfume Distillation** is described on Akkadian tablets documenting perfumery operations.

Iron Age

The Late Bronze Age collapse occurs around 1200 BC, extinguishing most Bronze-Age Near Eastern cultures, and significantly weakening the rest. This is coincident with the complete collapse of the Indus Valley civilisation. This event is followed by the beginning of the Iron Age. We define the Iron Age as ending in 510 BC for the purposes of this article, even though the typical definition is region-dependent (e.g. 510 BC in Greece, 322 BC in India, 200 BC in China), thus being an 800-year period.[e]

700 BC: **Saddle** (fringed cloths or pads used by Assyrian cavalry)
7th century BC: The royal Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh had 30,000 clay tablets, in several languages, organized according to shape and separated by content. The first recorded example of a library catalog ƒƒƒ???
650 BC: **Crossbow** in China
650 BC: **Windmills** in Persia
600 BC: **Coins** in Phoenicia (Modern Lebanon) or Lydia
Late 7th or early 6th century BC: **Wagonway** called Diolkos across the Isthmus of Corinth in Ancient Greece

With the Greco-Roman trispastos ("three-pulley-crane"), the simplest ancient crane, a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his muscular strength alone.

6th century BC - 10th century AD: High Carbon **Steel**, produced by the Closed Crucible method, later known as Wootz steel, of South India.[f]
6th century - 2nd century BC: Systematization of medicine and surgery in the Sushruta Samhita in Vedic Northern India. Documented procedures to:
    Perform cataract surgery (couching). Babylonian and Egyptian texts, a millennium before, depict and mention oculists, but not the procedure itself
        Perform Caesarean section
        Construct Prosthetic limbs
        Perform Plastic surgery, though reconstructive nasal surgery is described in millennia older Egyptian papyri
        Late 6th century BC: Crank motion (rotary quern) in Carthage or 5th century BC Celtiberian Spain Later during the Roman empire, a mechanism appeared that incorporated a connecting rod
    Before 5th century BC: Loan deeds in Upanishadic India
500 BC: Lighthouse in Greece

Classical antiquity and medieval era 5th century BC

500 - 200 BC: Toe stirrup, depicted in 2nd century Buddhist art, of the Sanchi and Bhaja Caves, of the Deccan Satavahana empire (modern-day India) although may have originated as early as 500 BC
485 BC: Catapult by Ajatashatru in Magadha, India
485 BC: Scythed chariot by Ajatashatru in Magadha, India
5th century BC: Cast iron in Ancient China: Confirmed by archaeological evidence, the earliest cast iron is developed in China by the early 5th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BC), the oldest specimens found in a tomb of Luhe County in Jiangsu province
480 BC: Spiral stairs (Temple A) in Selinunte, Sicily (see also List of ancient spiral stairs)
By 407 BC: Early descriptions of what may be a Wheelbarrow in Greece. First actual depiction of one (tomb mural) shows up in China in 118 AD
By 400 BC: Camera obscura described by Mo-tzu (or Mozi) in China.

4th century BC Egyptian reed pens inside ivory and wooden palettes, the Louvre

4th century BC: Traction trebuchet in Ancient China
4th century BC: Gears in Ancient China
4th century BC: Reed pens, utilising a split nib, were used to write with ink on Papyrus in Egypt
4th century BC: Nailed Horseshoe, with 4 bronze shoes found in an Etruscan tomb
375 BC – 350 BC: Animal-driven rotary mill in Carthage
By the late 4th century BC: Corporations in either the Maurya Empire of India or in Ancient Rome (Collegium)
Late 4th century BC: Cheque in the Maurya Empire of India
Late 4th century BC: Potassium nitrate manufacturing and military use in the Seleucid Empire
Late 4th century BC: Formal systems by Pāṇini in India, possibly during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya
4th to 3rd century BC: Zinc production in North-Western India during the Maurya Empire. The earliest known zinc mines and smelting sites are from Zawar, near Udaipur, in Rajasthan.

3rd century BC An illustration depicting the papermaking process in Han Dynasty China.

3rd century BC: Analog computers in the Hellenistic world (see e.g. the Antikythera mechanism), possibly in Rhodes
By at least the 3rd century BC: Archimedes' screw, one of the earliest hydraulic machines, was first used in the Nile river for irrigation purposes in Ancient Egypt
Early 3rd century BC: Canal lock in Canal of the Pharaohs under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt
3rd century BC: Cam during the Hellenistic period, used in water-driven automata
By the 3rd century BC: Water wheel. The origin is unclear: Indian Pali texts dating to the 4th century BCE refer to the cakkavattaka, which later commentaries describe as arahatta-ghati-yanta (machine with wheel-pots attached). Helaine Selin suggests that the device existed in Persia before 350 BC. The clearest description of the water wheel and Liquid-driven escapement is provided by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 – 220 BC) in the Hellenistic kingdoms
3rd century BC: Gimbal described by Philo of Byzantium
Late 3rd century BC: Dry dock under Ptolemy IV (221–205 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt
3rd century BC – 2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han dynasty.

The earliest fore-and-aft rigs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft. Here a spritsail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century AD). 2nd century BC For a more comprehensive list, see 2nd century BC § Inventions, discoveries, introductions.

2nd century BC: Paper in Han dynasty China[g]
206 BC: Compass in Han dynasty China
Early 2nd century BC: Astrolabe invented by Apollonius of Perga.

1st century BC

1st century BC: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman Republic
1st century BC: News bulletin during the reign of Julius Caesar. A paper form, i.e. the earliest newspaper, later appeared during the late Han dynasty in the form of the Dibao
1st century BC: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Roman dams)
Before 40 BC: Trip hammer in China
38 BC: An empty shell Glyph for zero, is found on a Maya numerals Stela, from Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. Independently invented by Claudius Ptolemy, in the second century CE Egypt, and appearing in the calculations of the Almagest
37 BC - 14 BC: Glass blowing developed in Jerusalem
Before 25 BC: Reverse overshot water wheel by Roman engineers in Rio Tinto, Spain
25 BC: Noodle in Lajia in China

1st century AD

1st century AD: The aeolipile, a simple steam turbine is recorded by Hero of Alexandria
1st century AD: The first use of respiratory protective equipment is documented by Pliny the Elder (c. 23 AD–79) using animal bladder skins to protect workers in Roman mines from red lead oxide dust
1st century AD: Vending machines invented by Hero of Alexandria
By the 1st century AD: The double-entry bookkeeping system in the Roman Empire.

2nd century See also: 2nd century § Inventions, discoveries, introductions

132: Seismometer and pendulum in Han dynasty China, built by Zhang Heng. It is a large metal urn-shaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device
2nd century: Carding in India.

3rd century Schematic of the Roman Hierapolis sawmill. Dated to the 3rd century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism.

By at least the 3rd century: Crystallized sugar in India
Early 3rd century: Woodblock printing is invented in Han dynasty China at sometime before 220 AD. This made China become the world's first print culture
Late 3rd century – Early 4th century: Water turbine in the Roman Empire in modern-day Tunisia.

4th century See also: 4th century § Inventions, discoveries, introductions

280 - 550: Chaturanga, a precursor of Chess was invented in India during the Gupta Empire
4th century: Roman Dichroic glass, which displays one of two different colors depending on lighting conditions
4th century: Mariner's compass in Tamil Southern India: the first mention of the use of a compass for navigational purposes is found in Tamil nautical texts as the macchayantra. However, the theoretical notion of magnets pointing North predates the device by several centuries
4th century: Simple suspension bridge, independently invented in Pre-Columbian South America, and the Hindu Kush range, of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. With Han dynasty travelers noting bridges being constructed from 3 or more vines or 3 ropes. Later bridges constructed utilizing cables of iron chains appeared in Tibet
4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China: In literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century AD work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals
347: Oil Wells and Borehole drilling in China. Such wells could reach depths of up to 240 m (790 ft)
4th century – 5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bellicis) in Roman Empire

5th century See also: 5th century § Inventions, discoveries, introductions

400: The construction of the Iron pillar of Delhi in Mathura by the Gupta Empire shows the development of rust-resistant ferrous metallurgy in Ancient India, although original texts do not survive to detail the specific processes invented in this period
5th century: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness is developed in Southern and Northern Dynasties China during the 5th century AD. The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty, the painting dated to 477–499
5th century - 6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman Empire

A Nepali Charkha in action 6th century

By the 6th century: Incense clock in China
After 500: Charkha (spinning wheel/cotton gin) invented in India (probably during the Vakataka dynasty of Maharashtra, India), between 500 and 1000 A.D
563: Pendentive dome (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire
577: Sulfur matches exist in China
589: Toilet paper in Sui dynasty China, first mentioned by the official Yan Zhitui (531–591), with full evidence of continual use in subsequent dynasties.

7th century See also: 7th century § Inventions, discoveries, introductions

619: Toothbrush in China during the Tang Dynasty
672: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes. However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious, and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon
7th century: Banknote in Tang dynasty China: The banknote is first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions
7th century: Porcelain in Tang dynasty China: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.

8th century See also: 8th century § Inventions, discoveries, introductions 9th century See also: 9th century § Inventions, discoveries, introductions A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.

9th century: Gunpowder in Tang dynasty China: Gunpowder is, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907). The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder are written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (960–1279)
9th century: Playing card in Tang Dynasty China
857 - 859: Degree-granting university in Morocco

10th century See also: 10th century § Inventions, discoveries, introductions

10th century: Fire lance in Song dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang. Fire lance is the earliest firearm in the world and one of the earliest gunpowder weapons
10th century: Fireworks in Song dynasty China: Fireworks first appear in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder
974: Fountain pen: invented at the request of al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah in Arab Egypt.

11th century For a more comprehensive list, see 11th century § Inventions, discoveries, introductions.

11th century: Early versions of the Bessemer process are developed in China
11th century: Endless power-transmitting chain drive by Su Song for the development an astronomical clock (the Cosmic Engine)
11th century: Calico was developed in Calicut, India
1088: Movable type in Song dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the Dream Pool Essays, which attributes the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.

12th century 13th century See also: 13th century § Inventions, discoveries, introductions

13th century: Rocket for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century China
13th century: The earliest form of mechanical escapement, the verge escapement in Europe
13th century: Buttons (combined with buttonholes) as a functional fastening for closing clothes appear first in Germany
13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs are used in 1221 by the Jin dynasty against a Song Dynasty city. The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in the 13th century in China and are called "thunder-crash bombs", coined during a Jin dynasty naval battle in 1231
13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in 1288 suppresses the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase is used
13th century: Earliest documented snow goggles, a type of sunglasses, made of flattened walrus or caribou ivory are used by the Inuit peoples in the arctic regions of North America. In China, the first sunglasses consisting of flat panes of smoky quartz are documented
13th century - 14th century: Worm gear cotton gin in India
1277: Land mine in Song dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history is by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who uses an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277
1286: Eyeglasses in Italy

14th century

Early 14th century - Mid 14th century: Multistage rocket in Ming dynasty China described in Huolongjing by Jiao Yu
By at least 1326: Cannon in Ming dynasty China
14th century: Painting Canvas was first used in Italy
14th century: Jacob's staff described by Levi ben Gerson
14th century: Naval mine in Ming dynasty China: Mentioned in the Huolongjing military manuscript written by Jiao Yu (fl. 14th to early 15th century) and Liu Bowen (1311–1375), describing naval mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes, made of wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder. A later model is documented in Song Yingxing's encyclopedia written in 1637
14th century: Bidriware in the Bahmani Sultanate in India.

The 15th-century invention of the printing press with movable type by the German Johannes Gutenberg. 15th century See also: 15th century § Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Early 15th century: Coil spring in Europe
15th century: Mainspring in Europe
15th century: Rifle in Europe
1420s: Brace in Flandres, Holy Roman Empire
1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press is invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg before 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg
Mid 15th century: The Arquebus (also spelled Harquebus) is invented, possibly in Spain
1480s: Mariner's astrolabe in Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa

Early modern era 16th century

16th century: Chintz or printed clothing in Golconda, India
16th century: Hookah by Irfan Shaikh, at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar I (1542–1605).



1560: Floating Dry Dock in Venice, Venetian Republic
1569: Mercator Projection map created by Gerardus Mercator
1589: Stocking frame: Invented by William Lee
1594: Backstaff: Invented by Captain John Davis
By at least 1597: Revolver: Invented by Hans Stopler.

17th century A 1609 title page of the Relation, the world's first newspaper (first published in 1605)

1605: Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in Strassburg (see also List of the oldest newspapers)
1608: Telescope: Patent applied for by Hans Lippershey. Actual inventor unknown since it seemed to already be a common item being offered by the spectacle makers in the Netherlands with Jacob Metius also applying for patent and the son of Zacharias Janssen making a claim 47 years later that his father invented it
1620: Compound microscopes, which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image, first appear in Europe. Apparently derived from the telescope, actual inventor unknown, variously attributed to Zacharias Janssen (his son claiming it was invented in 1590), Cornelis Drebbel, and Galileo Galilei
1630: Slide rule: invented by William Oughtred
1642: Mechanical calculator. The Pascaline is built by Blaise Pascal
1643: Barometer: invented by Evangelista Torricelli, or possibly up to three years earlier by Gasparo Berti
1650: Vacuum pump: Invented by Otto von Guericke
1656: Pendulum clock: Invented by Christiaan Huygens. It was first conceptualized in 1637 by Galileo Galilei but he was unable to create a working model
1663: Friction machine: Invented by Otto von Guericke
1668: First functional reflecting telescope constructed by Isaac Newton
1679: Pressure-cooker: Invented by Denis Papin
1680: Christiaan Huygens provides the first known description of a piston engine
1698: Thomas Savery developes a steam-powered water pump: for draining mines

18th century 1700s

1709: Bartolomeo Cristofori crafts the first piano
1709: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the alcohol thermometer.

1710s

1712: Thomas Newcomen builds the first commercial steam engine to pump water out of mines. Newcomen's engine, unlike Thomas Savery's, uses a piston.

1730s

1730: Thomas Godfrey and John Hadley independently develop the octant
1733: John Kay enables one person to operate a loom with the flying shuttle
1738: Lewis Paul and John Wyatt invent the first mechanized cotton spinning machine.

1740s

1742: Benjamin Franklin invents the Franklin stove
1745: Musschenbroek and Kleist independently develop the Leyden jar, an early form of capacitor
1746: John Roebuck invents the lead chamber process.

1750s

1752: Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning rod
1755: William Cullen invents the first artificial refrigeration machine.

1760s

1760: John Joseph Merlin invents the first Roller skates
1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny
1765: James Watt invents the improved steam engine utilizing a separate condenser
1767: Joseph Priestley invents a method for the production of carbonated water
1769: Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot invents the first steam-powered vehicle capable of carrying passengers, an early car.

1770s

1770: Richard Salter invents the earliest known design for a weighing scale
1774: John Wilkinson invents his boring machine, considered by some to be the first machine tool
1775: Jesse Ramsden invents the modern screw-cutting lathe
1776: John Wilkinson invents a mechanical air compressor that would become the prototype for all later mechanical compressors
1778: Robert Barron invents the first lever tumbler lock.

1780s

1780: Hyder Ali of Mysore, India develops the first metal-cylinder rockets
1783: Claude de Jouffroy builds the first steamboat
1783: Joseph-Ralf and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier build the first manned hot air balloon
1783: Louis-Sébastien Lenormand invents and uses the first modern parachute
1785: Martinus van Marum is the first to use the electrolysis technique
1786: Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine
1789: Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom.

1790s

1790: Thomas Saint invents the sewing machine
1792: Claude Chappe invents the modern semaphore telegraph
1793: Eli Whitney invents the modern cotton gin
1795: Joseph Bramah invents the hydraulic press
1796: Alois Senefelder invents the lithography printing technique
1797: Samuel Bentham invents plywood
1799: George Medhurst invents the first motorized air compressor
1799: The first paper machine is invented by Louis-Nicolas Robert.

Late modern period 19th century 1800s

1800: Alessandro Volta invents the voltaic pile, an early form of battery in Italy, based on previous works by Luigi Galvani
1802: Humphry Davy invents the arc lamp (exact date unclear; not practical as a light source until the invention of efficient electric generators)
1804: Friedrich Sertürner discovers morphine as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant
1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard develops his automated Jacquard loom
1804: Richard Trevithick invents the steam locomotive
1804: Hanaoka Seishū creates tsūsensan, the first modern general anesthetic
1807: Nicéphore Niépce invents an early internal combustion engine capable of doing useful work
1807: François Isaac de Rivaz designs the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine fuelled by hydrogen
1807: Robert Fulton expands water transportation and trade with the workable steamboat.

1810s Karl von Drais on his original Laufmaschine, the earliest two-wheeler, or hobbyhorse, in 1819

1810: Nicolas Appert invents the canning process for food
1810: Abraham-Louis Breguet creates the first wristwatch
1811: Friedrich Koenig invents the first powered printing press, which was also the first to use a cylinder
1812: William Reid Clanny pioneered the invention of the safety lamp which he improved in later years. Safety lamps based on Clanny's improved design were used until the adoption of electric lamps
1814: James Fox invents the modern planing machine, though Matthew Murray of Leeds and Richard Roberts of Manchester have also been credited at times with its invention
1816: René Laennec invents the first Stethoscope
1816: Francis Ronalds builds the first working electric telegraph using electrostatic means
1816: Robert Stirling invents the Stirling engine
1817: Baron Karl von Drais invents the dandy horse, an early velocipede and precursor to the modern bicycle
1818: Marc Isambard Brunel invents the tunnelling shield.

1820s

1822: Thomas Blanchard invents the pattern-tracing lathe (actually more like a shaper). The lathe can copy symmetrical shapes and is used for making gun stocks, and later, ax handles
1822: Nicéphore Niépce invents Heliography, the first photographic process
1822: Charles Babbage, considered the "father of the computer", begins building the first programmable mechanical computer
1823: Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner invents the first lighter
1824: Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse invents the bolt-action rifle
1825: William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet
1826: John Walker invents the friction match
1826: James Sharp invents and goes on to manufacture the first practical gas stove
1828: James Beaumont Neilson develops the hot blast process
1828: Patrick Bell invents the reaping machine
1828: Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik invents the first commutated rotary electromechanical machine with electromagnets
1829: Louis Braille invents the Braille reading system for the blind
1829: William Mann invents the compound air compressor
1829: Henry Robinson Palmer is awarded a patent for corrugated galvanised iron.

1830s

1830: Edwin Budding invents the lawn mower
1831: Michael Faraday invents a method of electromagnetic induction. It would be independently invented by Joseph Henry the following year
1834: Moritz von Jacobi invents the first practical electric motor
1835: Joseph Henry invents the electromechanical relay
1837: Samuel Morse invents Morse code
1838: Moritz von Jacobi invents electrotyping
1839: William Otis invents the steam shovel
1839: James Nasmyth invents the steam hammer
1839: Edmond Becquerel invents a method for the photovoltaic effect, effectively producing the first solar cell
1839: Charles Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber
1839: Louis Daguerre invents daguerreotype photography.

1840s For a more comprehensive list, see 1840s § Science and technology.

1840: John Herschel invents the blueprint
1841: Alexander Bain devises a printing telegraph
1842: William Robert Grove invents the first fuel cell
1842: John Bennet Lawes invents superphosphate, the first man-made fertilizer
1844: Friedrich Gottlob Keller and, independently, Charles Fenerty come up with the wood pulp method of paper production
1845: Isaac Charles Johnson invents modern Portland cement
1846: Henri-Joseph Maus invents the tunnel boring machine
1847: Ascanio Sobrero invents Nitroglycerin, the first explosive made that was stronger than black powder
1848: Jonathan J. Couch invents the pneumatic drill
1848: Linus Yale Sr. invents the first modern pin tumbler lock
1849: Walter Hunt invents the first repeating rifle to use metallic cartridges (of his own design) and a spring-fed magazine
1849: James B. Francis invents the Francis turbine
1849: Walter Hunt invents the Safety pin.

1850s

1850: William Armstrong invents the hydraulic accumulator
1851: George Jennings offers the first public flush toilets, accessible for a penny per visit, and in 1852 receives a UK patent for the single piece, free standing, earthenware, trap plumed, flushing, water-closet
1852: Robert Bunsen is the first to use a chemical vapor deposition technique
1852: Elisha Otis invents the safety brake elevator
1852: Henri Giffard becomes the first person to make a manned, controlled and powered flight using a dirigible
1853: François Coignet invents reinforced concrete
1855: James Clerk Maxwell invents the first practical method for color photography, whether chemical or electronic
1855:Henry Bessemer patents the Bessemer process for making steel, with improvements made by others over the following years
1856: Alexander Parkes invents parkesine, also known as celluloid, the first man-made plastic
1856: James Harrison produces the world's first practical ice making machine and refrigerator using the principle of vapour compression in Geelong, Australia
1856: William Henry Perkin invents mauveine, the first synthetic dye
1857: Heinrich Geissler invents the Geissler tube
1857: The phonautograph, the earliest known device for recording sound is patented and invented by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville
1859: Gaston Planté invents the lead acid battery, the first rechargeable battery.

1860s

1860: Joseph Swan produces carbon fibers
1864: Louis Pasteur invents the pasteurization process
1865: Carl Wilhelm Siemens and Pierre-Émile Martin invented the Siemens-Martin process for making steel
1867: Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive stronger than black powder
1867: Lucien B. Smith invents barbed wire, which Joseph F. Glidden will modify in 1874, leading to the taming of the West and the end of the cowboys.

1870s

1872: Polyvinyl chloride, more commonly known as vinyl, is synthesized by German chemist Eugen Baumann
1872: J.E.T. Woods and J. Clark invented stainless steel. Harry Brearley was the first to commercialize it
1873: Frederick Ransome invents the rotary kiln
1873: William Crookes, a chemist, invents the Crookes radiometer as the by-product of some chemical research
1873: Zénobe Gramme invents the first commercial electrical generator, the Gramme machine
1874: Gustave Trouvé invents the first metal detector
1875: Fyodor Pirotsky invents the first electric tram near Saint Petersburg, Russia
1876: Nicolaus August Otto invents the four-stroke cycle
1876: Alexander Graham Bell has a patent granted for the telephone. However, other inventors before Bell had worked on the development of the telephone and the invention had several pioneers
1877: Thomas Edison invents the first working phonograph
1878: Henry Fleuss is granted a patent for the first practical rebreather
1878: Lester Allan Pelton invents the Pelton wheel
1879: Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison both patent a functional incandescent light bulb. Some two dozen inventors had experimented with electric incandescent lighting over the first three-quarters of the 19th century but never came up with a practical design. Swan's, which he had been working on since the 1860s, had a low resistance so was only suited for small installations. Edison designed a high-resistance bulb as part of a large-scale commercial electric lighting utility.

1880s

1881: Nikolay Benardos presents carbon arc welding, the first practical arc welding method
1884: Hiram Maxim invents the recoil-operated Maxim gun, ushering in the age of semi- and fully automatic firearms
1884: Paul Vieille invents Poudre B, the first smokeless powder for firearms
1884: Sir Charles Parsons invents the modern steam turbine
1884: Hungarian engineers Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri invent the closed core high efficiency transformer and the AC parallel power distribution
1885: John Kemp Starley invents the modern safety bicycle
1886: Carl Gassner invents the zinc–carbon battery, the first dry cell battery, making portable electronics practical
1886: Charles Martin Hall and independently Paul Héroult invent the Hall–Héroult process for economically producing aluminum in 1886
1886: Karl Benz invents the first petrol or gasoline powered auto-mobile (car)
1887: Carl Josef Bayer invents the Bayer process for the production of alumina
1887: James Blyth invents the first wind turbine used for generating electricity
1887: John Stewart MacArthur, working in collaboration with brothers Dr. Robert and Dr. William Forrest develops the process of gold cyanidation
1888: John J. Loud invents the ballpoint pen
1888: Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson invents Kinetoscope
1888: Heinrich Hertz publishes a conclusive proof of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in experiments that also demonstrate the existence of radio waves. The effects of electromagnetic waves had been observed by many people before this but no usable theory explaining them existed until Maxwell
1888: The first practical pneumatic tire was made by Scotsman John Boyd Dunlop, the patent was from 1847 by Robert William Thomson

1890s

1890s: Frédéric Swarts invents the first chlorofluorocarbons to be applied as refrigerant
1890: Robert Gair would invent the pre-cut cardboard box
1891: Whitcomb Judson invents the zipper
1892: Léon Bouly invents the cinematograph
1892: Thomas Ahearn invents the electric oven
1893: Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel engine (although Herbert Akroyd Stuart had experimented with compression ignition before Diesel)
1893: William Stewart Halsted, invents the rubber glove for his wife Caroline Hampton as he noticed her hands were affected on the daily surgeries she had performed and in order to prevent medical staff from developing dermatitis from surgical chemicals. The first modern disposable glove was invented by Ansell Rubber Co. Pty. Ltd. in 1965
1895: Guglielmo Marconi invents a system of wireless communication using radio waves
1895: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen invented the first radiograph (xrays)
1897: Surgical masks made of cloth were developed in Europe by physicians Jan Mikulicz-Radecki at the University of Breslau and Paul Berger in Paris, as a result of increasing awareness of germ theory and the importance of antiseptic procedures in medicine
1898: Hans von Pechmann synthesizes polyethylene, now the most common plastic in the world
1899: Waldemar Jungner invents the rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd) as well as the nickel-iron electric storage battery (NiFe) and the rechargeable alkaline silver-cadmium battery (AgCd)

20th century 1900s

1900: The first Zeppelin is designed by Theodor Kober
1901: The first motorized cleaner using suction, a powered "vacuum cleaner", is patented independently by Hubert Cecil Booth and David T. Kenney
1903: The first successful gas turbine is invented by Ægidius Elling
1903: Édouard Bénédictus invents laminated glass
1903: First sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight achieved by an airplane flown at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina by Orville and Wilbur Wright. See Claims to the first powered flight
1904: The Fleming valve, the first vacuum tube and diode, is invented by John Ambrose Fleming
1907: The first free flight of a rotary-wing aircraft is carried out by Paul Cornu
1907: Leo Baekeland invents bakelite, the first plastic made from synthetic components
1907: The tuyères thermopropulsives after 1945 (Maurice Roy (fr)) known as the statoreacteur a combustion subsonique (the ramjet) – R. Lorin
1908: Cellophane is invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger
1909: Fritz Haber invents the Haber process
1909: The first instantaneous transmission of images, or television broadcast, is carried out by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier.

1910s BERy articulated streetcar no. 2 in 1913. The Boston Elevated Railway was the world's first street railway system to use articulated streetcars.

1911: The cloud chamber, the first particle detector, is invented by Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
1912: The first commercial slot cars or more accurately model electric racing cars operating under constant power were made by Lionel (USA) and appeared in their catalogues in 1912. They drew power from a toy train rail sunk in a trough that was connected to a battery
1912: The first use of articulated trams by Boston Elevated Railway
1913: The Bergius process is developed by Friedrich Bergius
1913: The Kaplan turbine is invented by Viktor Kaplan
1915: Harry Brearley invents a process to create Martensitic stainless steel, initially labelled Rustless Steel, later marketed as Staybrite, and AISI Type 420
1915: The first operational military tanks are designed in Great Britain and France. They are used in battle from 1916 and 1917 respectively. The designers in Great Britain are Walter Wilson and William Tritton and in France, Eugène Brillié. (Although it is known that vehicles incorporating at least some of the features of the tank were designed in a number of countries from 1903 onward, none reached a practical form.)
1916: The Czochralski process, widely used for the production of single crystal silicon, is invented by Jan Czochralski
1917: The crystal oscillator is invented by Alexander M. Nicholson using a crystal of Rochelle Salt although his priority was disputed by Walter Guyton Cady.

1920s

1925: The Fischer–Tropsch process is developed by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Kohlenforschung
1926: The Yagi-Uda Antenna or simply Yagi Antenna is invented by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University, assisted by his colleague Hidetsugu Yagi. The Yagi Antenna was widely used during World War II. After the war they saw extensive development as home television antennas
1926: Robert H. Goddard launches the first liquid fueled rocket
1926: Harry Ferguson, patents the Three-point hitch equipment linkage system for tractors
1926: John Logie Baird demonstrates the world's first live working television system
1927: The quartz clock is invented by Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories
1928: Penicillin is first observed to exude antibiotic substances by Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming. Development of medicinal penicillin is attributed to a team of medics and scientists including Howard Walter Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley
1928: Frank Whittle formally submitted his ideas for a turbo-jet engine. In October 1929, he developed his ideas further. On 16 January 1930, Whittle submitted his first patent (granted in 1932)
1928: Philo Farnsworth demonstrates the first practical electronic television to the press
1929: The ball screw is invented by Rudolph G. Boehm.

1930s

1930: The Supersonic combusting ramjet — Frank Whittle.[citation needed]
1930: The Phase-contrast microscopy is invented by Frits Zernike
1931: The electron microscope is invented by Ernst Ruska
1933: FM radio is patented by inventor Edwin H. Armstrong
1933: Harry C. Jennings Sr. and his disabled friend Herbert Everest, both mechanical engineers, invented the first lightweight, steel, folding, portable wheelchair with their "X-brace" design
1935: Nylon, the first fully synthetic fiber is produced by Wallace Carothers while working at DuPont
1938: Z1, built by Konrad Zuse, is the first freely programmable computer in the world
1938: Nuclear fission discovered in experiment by chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann and physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch. The German nuclear energy project was based on this research. The Tube Alloys project and, subsequently, the Manhattan Project and the Soviet atomic bomb project were influenced by this research
1939: G. S. Yunyev or Naum Gurvich invented the electric current defibrillator

1940-1944

1940: Pu-239 isotope (isotope of plutonium) a form of matter existing with the capacity for use as a destructive element (because the isotope has an exponentially increasing spontaneous fissile decay) within nuclear devices — Glenn Seaborg
1940: John Randall and Harry Boot would develop the high power, microwave generating, cavity magnetron, later applied to commercial Radar and Microwave oven appliances
1941: Polyester is invented by John Rex Whinfield and James Dickson
1942: The V-2 rocket, the world's first long range ballistic missile, developed by engineer Wernher von Braun
1944: The non-infectious viral vaccine is perfected by Dr. Jonas Salk and Thomas Francis.

Contemporary history 1945-1950

1945: The atomic bomb is developed by the Manhattan Project and swiftly deployed in August 1945 in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, effectively ending World War II
1945: Percy Spencer, while employed at Raytheon, would patent a magnetron based microwave oven
1945: Willard Libby began his work on radiocarbon dating. He published his paper in 1946, a second paper in Science in 1947. Libby and James Arnold succeeded with the radiocarbon dating theory after results were published in Science in December 1949
1946: James Martin invents the ejector seat, inspired by the death of his friend and test pilot Captain Valentine Baker in an aeroplane crash in 1942
1947: Holography is invented by Dennis Gabor
1947: Floyd Farris and J.B. Clark (Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation) invents hydraulic fracturing technology
1947: The first transistor, a bipolar point-contact transistor, is invented by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the supervision of William Shockley at Bell Labs
1948: The first atomic clock is developed at the National Bureau of Standards
1948: Basic oxygen steelmaking is developed by Robert Durrer. The vast majority of steel manufactured in the world is produced using the basic oxygen furnace; in 2000, it accounted for 60% of global steel output.

1950s

1950: Bertie the Brain, debatably the first video game, is displayed to the public at the Canadian National Exhibition
1950: The Toroidal chamber with axial magnetic fields (the Tokamak) is developed by Igor E. Tamm and Andrei D. Sakharov
1952: The float glass process is developed by Alastair Pilkington
1952: The first thermonuclear weapon is developed
1953: The first video tape recorder, a helical scan recorder, is invented by Norikazu Sawazaki
1954: Invention of the solar battery by Bell Telephone scientists, Calvin Souther Fuller, Daryl Chapin and Gerald Pearson capturing the Sun's power. First practical means of collecting energy from the Sun and turning it into a current of electricity
1955: The hovercraft is patented by Christopher Cockerell
1955: The intermodal container is developed by Malcom McLean
1956: The hard disk drive is invented by IBM
1956: The Logic Theorist computer program, the first "artificial intelligence program", was written and invented by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Cliff Shaw
1957: The laser and optical amplifier are invented and named by Gordon Gould and Charles Townes. The laser and optical amplifier are foundational to powering the Internet
1957: The first personal computer used by one person and controlled by a keyboard, the IBM 610, is invented in 1957 by IBM
1957: The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, is launched
1958 – 1959: The integrated circuit is independently invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce
1959: The MOSFET (MOS transistor) is invented by the Egyptian Mohamed Atalla and the Korean Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. It is used in almost all modern electronic products. It was smaller, faster, more reliable and cheaper to manufacture than earlier bipolar transistors, leading to a revolution in computers, controls and communication.

1960s The original 0 series Shinkansen train. Introduced in 1964, it reached a speed of 210 km/h (130 mph).

1960: The first functioning laser is invented by Theodore Maiman
1963: The first electronic cigarette is created by Herbert A. Gilbert. Hon Lik is often credited with its invention as he developed the modern electronic cigarette and was the first to commercialize it
1964: Shinkansen, the first high-speed rail commercial passenger service
1965: Kevlar is invented by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont
1969: ARPANET and the NPL network implement packet switching, drawing on the concepts and designs of Donald Davies, and Paul Baran.

1970s

1970s: Public-key cryptography is invented and developed by James H. Ellis, Clifford Cocks, Malcolm J. Williamson, Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, Ralph Merkle, Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, Leonard Adleman, et al
1970: The pocket calculator is invented
1971: The first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004, is invented. Its development was led by Federico Faggin, using his silicon-gate MOS technology. This led to the personal computer (PC) revolution
1971: The first space station, Salyut 1, is launched
1971: IBM developed and released the world's first floppy disk and disk drive
1972: The first video game console, used primarily for playing video games on a TV, is the Magnavox Odyssey
1973: The first fiber optic communication systems were developed by Optelecom
1973: The first commercial graphical user interface is introduced in 1973 on the Xerox Alto. The modern GUI is later popularized by the Xerox Star and Apple Lisa
1973: The first capacitive touchscreen is developed at CERN
1974: The Transmission Control Program is proposed by Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn, building on the work of Louis Pouzin, creating the basis for the modern Internet
1974: The lithium-ion battery is invented by M. Stanley Whittingham, and further developed in the 1980s and 1990s by John B. Goodenough, Rachid Yazami and Akira Yoshino. It has impacted modern consumer electronics and electric vehicles
1974: The Rubik’s cube is invented by Ernő Rubik which went on the be the best selling puzzle ever
1977: Dr Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger invented a new DNA sequencing method for which they won the Nobel Prize
1977: The first self-driving car that did not rely upon rails or wires under the road is designed by the Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory
1978: The Global Positioning System (GPS) enters service. While not the first Satellite navigation system, it is the first to enter widespread civilian use
1979: The first handheld game console with interchangeable game cartridges, the Microvision is released
1979: Public dialup information, messaging and e-commerce services, were pioneered through CompuServe and RadioShack's MicroNET, and the UK's Post Office Telecommunications Prestel services.

1980s

1980: Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) is invented by Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba. It is formally introduced to the public in 1984
1981: The first reusable spacecraft, the Space Shuttle undergoes test flights ahead of full operation in 1982
1981: Kane Kramer develops the credit card sized, IXI digital media player
1982: A CD-ROM contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 Yellow Book standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data
1982: Direct to home satellite television transmission, with the launch of Sky One service
1982: The first laptop computer is launched, the 8/16-bit Epson HX-20
1983: Stereolithography is invented by Chuck Hull
1984: The first commercially available cell phone, the DynaTAC 8000X, is created by Motorola
1984: DNA profiling is pioneered by Alec Jeffreys
1989: Karlheinz Brandenburg would publish the audio compression algorithms that would be standardised as the: MPEG-1, layer 3 (mp3), and later the MPEG-2, layer 7 Advanced Audio Compression (AAC)
1989: The World Wide Web is invented by computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee.

1990s

1990: The Neo Geo AES becomes the first video game system to launch that used Memory Cards
1990: The first search engine invented was “Archie”, created by Alan Emtage a student at McGill University in Montreal
1991: The first commercial flash-based solid-state drive is launched by SunDisk
1991: The first sim card is developed by Munich smart-card maker Giesecke & Devrient,
1993: IBM created the first mobile app with SIMON, it had 10 bulit-in apps from Email to Calendar
1994: IBM Simon, World's first smartphone is developed by IBM
1994: First generation of Bluetooth is developed by Ericsson Mobile. A form of data communication on short distances between electronic devices
1994: A Tetris variant on the Hagenuk MT-2000 device becomes the first mobile game
1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions
1995: Match.com launches as the first dating site ever and is the number 1 most visited dating site in the US
1995: Waiter.com launches as the first online food ordering service
1996: Ciena deploys the first commercial wave division multiplexing system in partnership with Sprint. This created the massive capacity of the internet
1996: Mobile web was first commercially offered in Finland on the Nokia 9000 Communicator phone and it was also the first phone with texting
1996: Bolt and Six Degrees (1997) both become the first social media sites
1997: The first weblog, a discussion or informational website, is created by Jorn Barger, later shortened to "blog" in 1999 by Peter Merholz
1998: The first portable MP3 player is released by SaeHan Information Systems
1999: The first digital video recorder (DVR), the TiVo, is launched by Xperi
1999: NTT DoCoMo launches i-mode, the first integrated Online App store for mobile phones

21st century 2000s

2000: Sony develops the first prototypes for the Blu-ray optical disc format. The first prototype player was released in 2004
2000: First documented placement of Geocaching, an outdoor recreational activity, in which participants use a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver or mobile device and other navigational techniques to hide and seek containers, took place on May 3, 2000, by Dave Ulmer of Beavercreek, Oregon
2001: The Xbox Launches and is the first game console with internal storage
2004: First podcast, invented by Adam Curry and Dave Winer, is a program made available in digital format for download over the Internet and it usually features one or more recurring hosts engaged in a discussion about a particular topic or current event
2005: YouTube, the first popular video-streaming site, was founded
2007: Netflix debuted the first popular video-on-demand service
2007: Apple Inc. released the iPhone
2007: The Bank of Scotland develops the worlds first banking app
2007: SoundCloud, the first on-demand service to focus on music is debuted
2007: First Kindle introduced by Amazon (company) founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, who instructed the company's employees to build the world's best e-reader before Amazon's competitors could. Amazon originally used the codename Fiona for the device. This hardware evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX (with its larger 9.7" screen) introduced in 2009
2008: Satoshi Nakamoto develops the first blockchain.

2010s

2010: The first solar sail based spacecraft, IKAROS
2010: The first quantum machine
2010: The first synthetic organism, Mycoplasma laboratorium is created by the J. Craig Venter Institute
2011: Twitch, launches as the first live-streaming service
2011: HIV treatment as prevention (HPTN 052)
2013: Cancer immunotherapy
2015: CRISPR genome-editing method
2017: The Nintendo Switch launches becoming the first handheld to tv hybrid
2018: Single cell sequencing
2019: IBM launches IBM Q System One, its first integrated quantum computing system for commercial use.

2020s

2020: The first RNA vaccine to be approved by public health medicines regulators is co-developed by Pfizer and BioNTech for COVID-19
2022: Pfizer develops the world's first pill for COVID.

2000s AI: DL, RL, dropout, residuals, CNN, GRU, LSTM, transformers, GPT