WANDERWORT - pannous/hieros GitHub Wiki
Wandering loanword = Wanderwort ⋍
Cultural trade word = Kulturwort
«A word that was spread among numerous languages and cultures, usually
in connection with trade, so that it becomes impossible to establish its
original etymology, or even its original language.»
-- Wikipedia 18 Febr. 2007
Wonderwards ;) PSM
Due to it's 3000 year prevalence, Egyptian was central in the distribution of Wanderwords.
In fact most known ancient Wanderwords have a representative in the Egyptian language, and many words in the Egyptian language are themselves super-regional words, connected to wide-spread and well known word-clusters.
Wandersigns are wanderworts with near identical phonetic value that are connected to near identical stable signs.
Theses astonishing clusters can probably be explained by the advent and spread of syllabic writing, where some signs were adopted and learned as axioms even when they were foreign to local languages, one academic example being 𔒴 nu ≈ nu ≈ 𐊵 N ≈ 𐀛 ni 𐘝 NI νικύλεον "fig" of unknown origin.
By far the best examples in the history of syllabic writing are:
𒆳 kur 𒆠 ki 𔗜 ku KU 𐘾 ka 𐀏 KA 𑁣 керла 𔕆 •KAR 𔕈 KA 𔕇 𐀤 𐘿 QE 𒉽 KUR₂ 𒄯 Ḫar 𓊖 [1]
𓊖 𒆠 KAR KIʳ IDENTICAL continuum in Indus Valley Harappan script !!!
The surface features Kreuz and Kreis (cross and circle) or Kreuz and Karos (cross and squares) only reveal the underlying wanderword(s) to ones familiar with the script: In at least three instances of remote regions Egypt, Elam, Sumer, Indus and Anatolia these signs mean "city" or country. See KAR for exhaustive discussion.
One "wandersyllable" PA… is connected to a kind of wanderwort which has only one Wandersign representative:
𓃀𓂾 pod/Bein pair ( unless 𒉺 = 𐘂 = 𐀞 ≈ 𐎔 ≈ 𒋰 was understood as 𓃀𓃀 in some cirles )
cognate | language |
---|---|
پَا pā | Persian |
pāy, padistān | Persian |
𒁀𒀜 𒉺𒀜 bāt pāt | Elamite |
πόδι pódi pod | Greek |
πούς poús βάσις | Ancient Greek (base,basis,Fuß) |
ⲫⲁⲧ ⲣⲁⲧ phat •phret | Coptic 𓂋 𓂧 𓂾 |
𒉺𒋫 pata | Hittite |
𒉺𒋫𒀀𒀸 patās | Luwian |
𐁇 pte | πτέρνη 'heel' ⇔ part 𐁇 ? |
بَطَة baṭa | Arabic : 𓃀 𓎛 𓄑 𓋴 calf |
pieds | French |
фад fad | Ossetian < Skythian |
ոտք vɔtkʰ foot | Armenian ⇔ ког |
punro pa по পা | Romani |
perna | Latin |
la pierna | Spanish |
láb | Hungarian |
𒉽𒄬Pa… | Sumerian ⇔ 𓏶𒈦+ par 𒄬 demi |
𐎔𐎓𐎐 pʿn | Ugaritic |
Bein | German ⇔ Pfote |
𒉺𒅁𒇷 pa… | Babylonian |
𒁉𒄿𒋗 pí-i(šu) | Babylonian |
ɑʃɑpʼɨ ɑʃɑ.pai | NW Caucasian |
𓋴𓃀𓏘 s'potar | Egyptian 𓏘 |
𓋴𓃀𓏘 šepíqa | Egyptian ⇔ Pike ⇔ šēpum |
ϣⲟⲡ šop | Coptic reverse phus |
𒊺𒁍 še-pu | reverse ᠰᠠᠪᡠ sabu |
𒊺𒁉𒄿 šepí šap | reverse |
𒉺𒅁𒊒 šap-ru | thigh |
ფეხი pʰɛxi | SW Caucasian |
पगु pagu પગ pag | Hindi ⇔ पाया pāyā |
paiyye | Tocharian B |
پیر pair | Urdu ⇔ 발 bal Ballen |
पैर pair | Hindi ⇔ पांव pāmv पाँव pā̃v |
פָּרַס parsa | 𓄙 Ferse (hoof) √part |
πόρ pór | Laconian |
𒁍𒊑𒁺 pu-ri-du | leg |
𒄊 PIRIG | foot |
pata Hungarian | 𓄙 |
पाद pād | Hindi ⇔ पा pā पाँ pā̃ पाय pāy |
पदर padara | Sanskrit ⇔ part |
بُوتْ бут бот būt | Turk |
पाद pāda पद् pád | Sanskrit |
పాదం pādaṃ | Dravidian |
bethe bacak | Manchu |
bitis bikking binti paa | Austronesian |
abo abɔ | Bantu ⇔ mopendé |
b…𓃀 | Egyptian |
some prominent examples are:
𒉡𒌫𒈠 NU-UR2-MA /nurmû/ nurma "pomegranate" Sumerian
𒉡𒊑𒅎𒁺 (nu-ri-im-du /nurimdu, nurimtu/, “pomegranate” Akkadian
𒉡𒊏𒀭𒋾 (nu-ra-an-ti /nuranti/, “pomegranate” Hurrian => Armenian նուռն (nuṙn) նուռ (hy) (nuṙ)
𒉡𒊏𒋾 (/nurati-/) “pomegranate” Hittite Persian نار nâr انار anâr анар ھەنار henar अनार anār 榴 *m·ru OC
𒉡𒌫𒈠 nurma ⇔ Akkadian 𒄑𒈢𒆳𒊏 /armannu/ ሩማን (ruman), ሮማን (roman) رُمَّان m (rummān) רימון \ רִמּוֹן (rimmṓn), Punic *𐤓𐤌𐤍 (*rmn /rimmūn/) and Aramaic רִימֹּונָא / רִמֹּונָא (rimmōnā) / רוּמָּנָא / ܪܘܡܢܐ (rummānā)
𒉡 𒌫𒈠 nurma ⇔ Akkadian 𒇻𒆸𒌅 (/lurmû, lurimtu, lurinnu/, “pomegranate” Ugaritic 𐎍𐎗𐎎𐎐 (lrmn, “pomegranate”
𓈖 𓉔 𓏮 𓌴 𓁹 𓄿 𓄿 𓈒 𓏥 | pomegranate | ⋍ nHmair > 𐎍𐎗𐎎𐎐 (lrmn, “pomegranate” ⲗⲉϩⲙⲉⲛ (lehmen) ⇔ lemon, ᴺorange
𓇋 𓈖 𓉔 𓏠 𓆭 | pomegranate (tree and fruit) | #jnhmn > ϩⲉⲣⲙⲁⲛ (herman, Sahidic) ⲉⲣⲙⲁⲛ (erman, Bohairic) Demotic hrnt
𓇋 𓆛 𓈖 𓉔 𓅓 𓂝 𓈖 𓏮 𓆭 | pomegranate (tree and fruit) | (jnhmn /alhammān/)
𓂓 𓏤 𓅷 𓏤 𓍘 𓇋 𓍱 𓏪 ⲕⲟⲩⲫⲁⲧ carpet ⲩ √ⲫⲁⲧ 𓃀 կարպետ karpet կապերտ kapert ਕਾਰਪੇਟ kārpeṭ ᠬᠡᠪᠢᠰ kebis кевс •capis tapis
カーペット kāpetto කාපට් kāpaṭ koberec cergë karipetra கம்பளம் kampaḷam > ќилим ḱilim qilim …
𓊅 Burg πύργος púrgos बुर्ज burj бӏов bʿow ܒܘܪܓܐ burgāʾ برج burg بُرْج burj ბურჯი burǯi બુરજ buraj برج birc ⇔ দুর্গ durg tower
𓊅 Burg պուրճ purč պուրջ purǰ бүрҹ / bürc / بۆرج buokšts
𓎛 𓆰 𓈖 𓏌 𓏲 𓈗 𓈘 canal ➙ канал الق.
𓎛 𓆰 𓈖 canna “cane, reed”, κάννα “reed”, Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”, Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na)
𓎛 𓆰 𓈖 canna “cane, plant” 𒌑 šammu <?> 𒉌 šaman oil
𓎛 𓆰 𓈖 cannabis κάνναβος Hanf hemp 𒋆𒄣𒌦𒈾𒁍 qunnapu ܩܢܦܐ qnpʾ قِنَّب qinnab կանեփ kanepʿ kenevir
𓃹 𓈖 𓃀 𓆰 | flower, plant | نَبَات nabāt ⇔ 𓅘𓎛𓃀𓏏𓆸 bud 𓆹 phyto 𓆰
𓐍 𓈖 𓂋 𓇋 𓍕 𓅪 | criminal , prisoner|Gauner գողանալ ɡɔʁɑnɑl ganove +++
𓐍 𓃀 𓈖 𓏏 𓏮 𓀀 | criminal| εγκληματικός εcrimãticos < εcribnãticos
𓃀 𓈖 𓏏 𓏮 𓀀 | criminal|bandit
𓇋 𓈖 𓂝 | chin | ចង្កា jonggaa ⋍ chin çənə чана čana סַנְטֵר santér 𒅾 sum چەناگە çenage ჩენგე čenge zenî Kinn ຄາງ khāng ⇔ 𒂅
𓉐 𓂋 𓏏 𓏯 𓌾 𓏥 fruit פירות peyrót פְּרִי pri 𐎔𐎗 pr pear pr.ma plum फल phal 𓍁𓂋𓏏 ផ្លែឈើ phlae 𓈖𓊪𓂋𓇋𓀭 grain god
𓎛 𓄿 𓏏 𓈅 𓏥 earth erd (Zazaki) ⇔ אֶרֶץ 'érets jord Geord Kurt court ground
𒅕𒁉𒂊 er-bé-e uribis urbis orbis > earth < yard jørðin garden guard
Acker ≈ acre अज्र ájra agrar ἀγρός agrós Italic *agros *h₂éǵros Hecke
𓄿 𓎡 𓂋 𓆙 earth-gods ⇔ KUR
𒀀𒃼 a-gar3 𒅊 agar4 𒇋 agar2 𒆻 agar3 #ugāru Acker “meadow”
corn / grain 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 akran 𓍱𓏤𓌽𓏥
Kerker (prison)court “work center” …
Kerker কারাগার karagar ከርቼሌ kärčele cárcel karabus ⲕⲉⲣⲟⲩⲥⲓⲁ kerousia
𒆳 KUR
𓌨 Kur
𓂓𓊖 “work center”
𒆠 Kurbeit ᴷArbeit
𒀵 𒀴⋅𒆳 ARAD×KUR > ḪAR 𒄯
𒂡 šir₃ | bind | zerren syr… 𓍿𓊃 < gir₁₁ 𒆟 kur
𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬀- kata کد kad “hut, house”
குடி kuṭi, “house, abode, home, family, lineage, town, tenants”
Kate kot cot cottage хата xata Slavic chata chata хата xata chata
Mongolian хот khot “town”
コタン kotan, “village” Ainu
Turkish kodak “home”
𓊨 qursi 𒄑𒄖𒍝 GU.ZA kussī chaise כורסיא kursəyā कुर्सी kursī كرسي καρέκλα karékla chair
𓎛 𓊨 𓏏 𓆱 cadira / kurseat θᾶκος sthâkos sital Stuhl стол
𒁼 source : 𓍯𓄿𓃀𓆰 ⲣⲉⲧⲛⲟⲩⲛⲓ : root 𓂋𓂧𓇟𓏤 shoot (of tree) 𓇜 raise ⇔ 𓂸𓏏𓏯 ?
𒁷𒌁 gamun 𒂵𒁵 ga-mun 𒌑𒁷𒌁𒊬 cumin 𒂵𒈬𒉡 kamūnu "cumin" 𒂵𒈬𒉡 kamūnu cumin Hungarian, caraway seeds are called köménymag, keménymag
𓇋 𓆛 𓈖 𓋴 𓏏 ᵛanisette anise vs :
𓊹 𓌢 𓈖 𓏏 𓂋 𓊸 incense ⋍ inSenther 薫香 くんこう kunkō խունկ xunk 香 xiāng ⇔ Ginger 姜 jiāng
𓇔 𓌽 sugar (su'ger: Süd-Gerste = southern barley/grains)
𓇓 𓇗 sesame 𐀭-𐀭-𐀔 sa-sa-ma σησάμη שושמא šūššmā שומשומא šumššumā
𒃻𒈦𒌑𒈬 /šamaššammū/ 𒊭𒈦𒌑𒈨 /šamaššammi/ 👍 “oil plant” compound of 𒉌 (/šaman/, “oil” and 𒌑 (/šammu/, “plant”. ⇔ 𓅘 𓎛 𓇳 𓎛 𓏊 𓏥 (sesame) oil 🌣 ☼ Samas=Sun
𓐍𓐍 kara char-coal-gray/black ⇔
𓐍 karon 𓎡𓄿𓅱 gray-green
𓎛 𓊨 𓏏 𓆱 Kurseat chair
𓅬 Ganter 𓋴𓏠𓈖𓅭 Gans Ganza Gwaz goose …
𓄛𓄜 deer der θηρίον/Tier/deer/δέρμα/derma/עוֹר/тиреtire/leather
𓇋 𓃀 𓎛 𓄑 𓏤 ivory 𓇋:i 𓃀:bv 𓎛:hair 𓏤:y ibhairy⋍ivory
𓍋 𓃀 𓅱 𓌟 ivory 𓍋:e… 𓃀:bv 𓅱:wr 𓌟:?
𓋴 𓃀 𓂧 𓈒 𓏥 schwarz سَوْدَاء sawdāʾ svartur შავი šavi[de] שחורה \ שְׁחֹרָה sh'khorá سیاه siyâh сьӧд sʹöd
𓋴𓐠𓄿𓉔𓅱𓏏 serpentine!
𓆓 𓈖 𓏏 dent / zahn Nager nga.chǐ[n] (tooth)
𓎼 𓎛 𓋴 𓃲 gazelle ⇔ gracil = غ ز ل ḡ-z-l
𓋴 𓂋 𓏮 𓃱 giraffe ( 𓋴 as soft Γ gamma like in 'gym' 'giro italia' … )
𓃭 lion ⲗⲉⲱⲛ Löwen Löwe лъв ⲗⲁⲃⲟ 𒊊 lābu لَيْث layṯ aslan (late) 𓃭𓏤𓇋𓏏𓂢 Levant L'Panther
𓆙 sNake 𓈖 𓇋 𓎡 𓆙 नाग nāga נחש nâħâš nake/nyóka/…@ BANTU!
𓆙 Natter 𓈖 𓂝 𓅱 𓆙 Nun@Arab < 蟒 mǎng > могой งู ŋuu nau*⇔mar@sumer
𓈟𓏏𓁐 لِيدِي lēdī lady лейди lejdi λαίδη laídi?
𓋴 𓐟 𓄿 𓇋 𓂋 𓌗 𓀜 | need|ضرورت zarurat@PERs צורך \ צֹרֶךְ tsórekh ضَرُورَة ḍarūra@AR darben bedürfen tarve@FIN
𓂧 𓊪 𓏏 𓄓 𓀁 | taste | Duft < daphte > taste +++
𓂧 𓊪 𓏏 𓄓 𓀁 | taste | dapht > dvad > طات дад dad > tat ⇔ taste +++ @ Turk
𓂧 𓊪 𓏏 𓄓 𓀁 | taste | δaphat ⇔ સ્વાદ svād स्वाद svād® ⇔ savôr ++
𓎼 𓂋 𓍅 𓀁 | falsehood, error, transgression, lie| Gerede греша́ grešá خَرَسَ ḵarasa ცრუ cruˣ > glitch غَلَط ḡalaṭ гӏалат ġalat għelt ღალატი ɣalaṭi ղալաթ ग़लत ġalat galat@Turk 거짓 geojit
𓌦 𓏏 𓐍 𓏴 𓀜 | weave | √Tuch textile √TECH ткать TUKU5 𒋳 TAG
𒋻 TAR track ط ر ق ṭ-r-q דֶּרֶךְ dérekh सड़क *dorga доро́га doróha 道路 どうろ dōro 도로 doro road reversed
𓂧 𓃀 𓏏 𓆱 | casket | depot ⲧⲁⲓⲃⲉ taibe demotic #tbyt #dbt #tbt
𓂧 𓃀 𓏏 𓆱 | casket | ܝܒܘܬܐ tēḇūṯā Ge'ez ታቦት tabot תיבה تَابُوه թափուտ тобут ताबूत tābūt
Excessive continuum:
𓍑 𓏏 𓊌 𓅭 | crane | trane турна turna درنا dornâ 두루미 durumi წერო c̣eroⁿ gerweⁿ γέρανος géranos grús corr עָגוּר agúr
𓍑 𓏏 𓊌 𓅭 | crane | dzērve … 鶴 つる, tsuru … žeriav ⇔ ज़रूरत zarūrat צורך צֹרֶךְ tsórekh (rock⇔need) सारस sāras
Wanderwords not directly familiar to the English ear:
𓆄 𓅱 𓏏 𓏮 𓂡 | trader | #šwt سوداگر sowdâgar სოვდაგარი sovdagari соодагер sövdəgər সওদাগর śôwdagôr ⇔ shop
𓃹 𓈖 𓈙 𓍄 սահնակ sahnak (sledge מִזְחֶלֶת mizhelet) шейни́чка šejníčka > са́нкі sánki, са́ні sáni
𓃹 𓈖 𓈙 𓍄 чана çana санки sanki sáňky@Czech,Chechen сань Proto-Slavic *sanь. + Tatar / Turkmen
𓃀 𓎛 𓊃 𓄑 𓃔 | calf | becerro 𐰉𐰆𐰕𐰍𐰆 buzaɣu borjú > 𒀫 būru™
𓏏 𓍯 𓄿 𓀁 | claim | दावा dāvā® دَعْوَى daʿwā < darben bedarfen > দাবী dabī դաւի dawi դավա dava @ Turk, ARAB etc
𓄿 𓏏 𓆑 | be crowned| թագ tʿag tāg@Parthian 𐫟𐫀𐫡𐫤𐫀𐫃 xʾrtʾg /xārtāg/ “crown of thorns” PIE ˢteg- “to cover” (versteck)
𓄿 𓏏 𓆑 | be crowned| تاج tac attire: עֲטָרָה 'atará עטרה atore ⇔ Tuch تاج a'táj ताज tāj тид tid таж taž ዘውድ zäwd
𓋴 𓐍 𓂋 𓏜 𓄡 𓏏 𓏤 | thought | विचार चिन्ता ˢvicāra cintā ++++
𓋴 𓐍 𓂋 𓏜 𓄡 𓏏 𓏤 | thought | विचार ˢvicāra Arabic فِكْر fikr ƒĩk وچار pikir фикир fikir پىكىر pikiran အကြံ ˢa.kram
𓈖 𓏏 𓋔 | Crown | עֲטָרָה ⁿatará ⇔ attire √trag > tāg թագ tʿag taj тәж تاج تاج таж taž
𒈱𒋞 MURGU ⇔ मार्ग mārga (road) mall 马路 mǎlù
𒈱𒋞 MURGU MA.EGIR 𒈱 𓌻 𓂋 𓂋 𓏏 𓉕 𓉐 maroad
𓊃𓈖𓆑𓅱𓂐 δanu ⇔ dyn.astie damn dam=blood@SEM ⇔ Adam man
𓊃𓈖𓆑𓅱𓂐 хун xun xuèn 血 цӏий čʼɪɪ̆ jini хун xwên خون khun 𐭧𐭥𐭭 goni ⇔ genesis цус 心 KIN ♡
𓇋 𓌻 𓂋 𓄔 | be deaf | 𓌻 care ⇔ ⲕⲁⲩⲣⲓ ⲕⲟⲩⲣ ! کر kar kurt xordu ყრუ q̇ru kuuro глух gluh глухі́ hluxí kuulovammainen
𓇋 𓌻 𓂋 𓄔 | be deaf | 𓌻 care ⇔ ⲕⲁⲩⲣⲓ ⲕⲟⲩⲣ кар חֵירֵשׁ kheresh کھڕ khirr @Kurd gehörlos (PSM) κωφός ⲣ⋍ωφ phr ?
𓇋 𓌻 𓂋 𓄔 | be deaf | 𓌻 care ⇔ kerr, guhgiran Latvian: kurls kurčias kurt xordu > sord (ab)surd
𓐍 𓊪 𓂧 𓅱 𓄹 𓏥 | buttocks | •qphadvr > चूतड़ cūtaṛ कटि kaṭi مَقْعَدَة কটি koti күт küt *köt makat maqʿada
ϫⲱⲓⲧ זיתא záyit زیتون zeytun зәйтүн zäytün ज़ैतून zaitūn ზეითუნი zeituni ზეთისხილი zetisxili "olive"
Other wanderworts not attested in Egyptian: ?
𒌋𒀜 gir kīru > kiln vs 𓏏 𓍔 𓄿 𓉐 | kiln | áith < भट्टा bhaṭṭā / 𓏏 𓍔 | kiln | تون tun @PERS+++ < therm
𓌳 𓍿 𓏋?, ⲙⲁⲣⲙⲁⲣ, marble, Marmor @𓌳𓏌𓏌𓏌𓈉?
𒆠𒍇 •Türgang /takkannu, dakkannu, dukkannu/ dais/shop דּוּכָּנָא dukkānā “dais” ཚོང་ཁང tshong khang
𒆠𒍇 Tüchtigkeit Tech (business) туька tykə
𒆠𒍇 shop: دُكَّان dukkān dükan دکان dokân дюкя́н djukján দোকান (dükan) दुकान dukān туька tüka ду̀ћа̄н dùćān Tuktuk
𒆠𒍇 = 𓍿 𓅱 𓊍 ⇔ 𓏏 𓈖 𓅷 𓊎 𓏏 𓏤
𓈗 MAR wanderword 𒈨𒊏𒉡 me-ra-nu "bitter" @ marine մռու mṙuⁿ መራራ märara 𐎎𐎗 mr مُرّ murr mürr amargu amur amuor marcus mõru 𒈨𒊏𒉡 me-ra-nu amarᵒⁿ amārus@Latin מַר mar מרה mará מָרִיר marír מרירה amargo მწარე mc̣are ! ຂົມ khom? mapait?
"One of the characteristics of these
modern wandering words is that we can observe them rapidly spreading
across Europe and beyond, and through many languages. They have had
little time to undergo language-specific developments, and this is why the
precise route of their wanderings is sometimes so difficult to trace: we
have no sound-laws to guide us."
Later products, Wanderworts after the pharaos
ginger
cumin
soap
meter (maß)
green tea (not yet)
mine 𐎎𐎐 mn μνᾶ mina مَنْجَم manjam
An alternative denomination for these kinds of words is
internationalisms, although some prefer to reserve the latter term for
technical innovations from the 19 th and 20 th century only, such as
telephone, automobile and computer.
Suggested measurements:
Wanderworthyness shall be a weighted sum of these sub-heuristics:
Percentage of main word usage near identical (inter)regionally to one superroot
Percentage of main word usage simmilar (inter)regionally to one superroot
Percentage of main word usage traceable (inter)regionally to one superroot
Percentage of secondary word usage near identical (inter)regionally to one superroot
Percentage of secondary word usage simmilar (inter)regionally to one superroot
Percentage of secondary word usage traceable (inter)regionally to one superroot
Percentage of related words near identical (inter)regionally to one superroot
Percentage of related words usage simmilar (inter)regionally to one superroot
Percentage of related words usage traceable (inter)regionally to one superroot
Because of increased leeway the last categories should be weighted lowly and/or treated carefully.
pod(leg)⇔boot⇔foot
want უნდა undɑ
See also persistently preserved words
Moth has a wanderwort with trajectory leading to •k't with duplication on either side
𒊓𒋢 sa-su | moth | σής sḗs סָס sas цӏецӏ c̣ec̣ ցեց cʿecʿ עָשׁ ˠash ˠvešča couza ಚಿಟ್ಟೆ ciṭṭe kode عُثَّة ʿuṯṯa
𒊓𒋢 sa-su | moth | σής sḗs ciṭṭe gegat kode көйә köyä güvə 蛾 がー gā 蛾 é
𒊓𒋢 sa-su | moth | σής sḗs цӏецӏ c̣ec̣ ჩრჩილი črčili
𒊓𒋢 sa-su | moth | gegat / ciṭṭe + moth => សត្វខ្មូត sɑɑtvɔɔkmuut
maʿuṯṯa => Motte => moth ⇔ 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍉 ⇔ ϩⲟⲗⲓ
ʿuṯṯa ⇔ butterfly Schmetterling
Some wanderworts might hint at genetic relationship in flow models of Good-Linguistics
𓂜 no… not none negation
𓈖 𓏮 now 𒉡 nu “now” νῦν nûn нꙑнѣ nyně nūnaĩ नूनम् nūnám 𒈾𒀀𒉡𒌦 nānun 𒀀𒉏𒈠 anuma nun 𒄿𒋀𒈾 inana "now"
…
…
Nagel ongla ungla ungula ных (nyx) ନଖ (or) (nôkhô) ناخن nâhun درنق dyrnak طرناق tırnaq نوک (ps) m (núk) ناخن (fa) (nâxon) paznokieć (pl) m nȍkat (sh) m ꠘꠃꠈ (noukó) ні́готь m (níhotʹ) Iranun: kinuku
𓂝 𓈖 𓏏 𓂷 | finger/toe nail, claw | νύχι 'nýchi uña.toe
𒅈𒌋𒌋𒉡 ar-man-nu 𓄿𓃭𓆲𓇋𓇋𓈖𓄿 ꜣrmꜥynꜣ ἀρμενιακόν armeniakón +++
𒅈𒌋𒌋𒉡 ᵍar-man-nu “Geromin>German>Armeni” ჭერამი č̣eramiⁿ
𒅈𒌋𒌋𒉡 apricot tree