03. ls commands - muneeb-mbytes/linux_course GitHub Wiki
ls Command and itโs variations
The below figure represents the ls command variations.
Figure.1.Representation of ls command variation
ls commands cheat sheet
| Sr No. | ls commands with different options | description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ls | Display contents of working directory |
| 2 | ls * | Display directories with sub-directories |
| 3 | ls -a | Display hidden files/directories inside working directory |
| 4 | ls -l | List the contains of directories in table format |
| 5 | ls -la | List the contains of directories including hidden file |
| 6 | ls -lh | List the file/directories with size of file/directories |
| 7 | ls -d */ | List only directories |
| 8 | ls -R | List all files & directories with their corresponding file |
| 9 | ls -r | Display file/directories in reverse alphabetical order |
| 10 | ls -S | Display file lists according to their size |
| 11 | ls -lt | Sort the list by displaying modified files at top |
| 12 | ls -ltr | Sort the list by displaying modified files at bottom |
| 13 | ls / | Display the contents under root directory |
| 14 | ls ~ | List the contents under home directory |
| 15 | ls --help | Give more information about ls command |
Tabular column.1.ls command cheat sheet
ls
ls-listing
The ls command is used to list files or directories in Linux and other Unix-based operating systems. Just like you navigate in your File explorer with a GUI, the ls command allows you to list all files or directories in the current directory by default, and further interact with them via the command line.
The below figure shows output of ls command, which indicates directory in orange box and files in yellow box.
Figure.2. ls output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.1. ls Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls.csh
ls*
ls * command to list the contents of the directory with its sub-directories.
The below figure shows output of ls *, which indicates directory in orange box and files in yellow box.
Figure.3. ls * output
The below GIF shows the whole process of sourcing ls * scripting file till the final step.
GIF.2. ls * Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls_all.csh
ls -a
a - hidden files
The ls -a command to list files or directories including hidden files or directories. In Linux, anything that begins with a . is considered a hidden file.
The below figure shows output of ls -a, which indicates directory in orange box, files in yellow box and hidden files in brown box.
Figure.4. ls -a output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.3. ls -a Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls-a.csh
ls -l
l - long listing of content
ls -l command to list the contents of the directory in a table format with the below information,
- owner of the content
- size of the content in bytes
- last modified date / time of the content
- file or directory name
The below figure shows the output of ls -l command, where the owner name, file size, modification date and time and file name.
Figure.5. ls -l output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.4. ls -l Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls-l.csh
ls -la
l - long listing the content
a - hidden files
The ls -la command to list files or directories in a table format with extra information including hidden files or directories.
A link in UNIX is a pointer to a file. Like pointers in any programming languages, links in UNIX are pointers pointing to a file or a directory. Creating links is a kind of shortcuts to access a file.
There are two types of links :
Soft Link or Symbolic links
Hard Links
-
Soft link:
Soft Link contains the path for original file and not the contents. -
Hard link:
Links have actual file contents
The below figure shows the output of ls -la, where we get the list of files and directories including hidden files. Soft link also created where we will get the path of the file.
Figure.6. ls -la Output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.5. ls -la Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls-la.csh
NOTE:- Here ls -l will display contents list wise and ls -la will display hidden contents list wise. so, we can say that ls -la = ls -l + ls -a.
ls -lh
l - long listing of the content
h - file size in human readable format
ls -lh command to list the files or directories in the same table format above, but with another column representing the size of each file/directory.
The below figure shows the ls -lh output, where we get the file size in human readable format.
Figure.7. ls -lh Output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.6. ls -lh Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls-lh.csh
ls -d */
d - directory
ls -d */ command to list only directories.
The below figure shows the output for ls -d */ command, where it will display only directories.
Figure.8. ls -d */ Output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.7. ls -d */ Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls-d.csh
ls -R
R - list all directory and sub-directory.
ls -R command to list all files and directories with their corresponding subdirectories down to the last file.
The below figure shows the output for ls -R command, where it will display directories and sub-directories including last file.
Figure.9. ls -R Output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.8. ls -R Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls-R.csh
ls -r
r - reverse order
ls -r command displays the list in reverse order.
The below figure shows the output for ls -r command, where the files will be sorting based in alphabetical reverse order.
Figure.10. ls -r Output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.9. ls -r Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls-r.csh
ls -S
S - display size
ls -S command displays the file list according to their sizes.
The below figure shows the output of ls -S command, where it displays the files and directories with their sizes.
Figure.11. ls -S Output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.10. ls -S Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls-S.csh
ls -lt
l - long listing of the content
t - sort list based on time
ls -lt command will sort the list by displaying recently modified files at top.
The below figure shows the output for ls -lt command, where it will display the file in long listing format with recently modified files at the top.
Figure.12. ls -lt Output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.11. ls -lt Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls-lt.csh
ls -ltr
l - long listing of the content
t - sorting based on time
r - reverse order
ls -ltr command will sort the list by displaying recently modified files at bottom.
Figure.13. ls -ltr Output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.12. ls -ltr Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls-ltr.csh
ls /
/ - root directory
ls / command to list the contents of the root directory.
Figure.14. ls / Output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.13. ls / Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls_root.csh
ls~
~ - home directory
ls ~ command to list the contents of the home directory.
Figure.15. ls ~ Output
The below GIF shows the whole process from sourcing scripting file till the output.
GIF.14. ls ~ Output GIF
Link to GitHub lab:https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/blob/b7_team_kachori/ls_commands/ls_home.csh
ls --help
To list all ls command options, type ls --help. The system lists all available options.
To learn mkdir command: https://github.com/muneeb-mbytes/linux_course/wiki/04.-mkdir-command