Introduction

I am currently in the beginning phase of performing an extensive literature review on all materials concerning German Renewable energy policy, especially in regards to solar power. The underlying point of this review is to gather and understand all the policies, initiatives, and programs that the German government has employed in order to push solar energy. The hope is that strong parallels can be made in order to recommend actions that the United States can take in order to produce the best climate for solar energy.

Feel free to contribute or help in any way possible.

Articles

Jacobsson, S., Lauber, V., 2006. The politics and policy of energy system transformation—explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology [WWW]. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421504002393 (accessed 1.23.14).

growth history (huge social component)
total R&D numbers German energy (including subs)
good basic hist momentum renewables
feed-ins, incentives, eco-tax, 100,000 Roofs programm provided low-cost loans, subsidies.
-2003ish

Reiche, D., Bechberger, M., 2004. Policy differences in the promotion of renewable energies in the EU member states [WWW]. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421502003439 (accessed 1.23.14).

define RES per country EU
kyoto target/mandated levels
fixed-feed in tariffs provide security for investors

Brachvogel, F., 2014. Müller: A fundamental reform of the EEG is a core responsibility for the new German Federal government for 2014 [WWW]. URL http://www.bdew.de/internet.nsf/id/20140114-pi-mueller-a-fundamental-reform-of-the-eeg-is-a-core-responsibility-for-the-new-german-fed?open&ccm=900010020010 (accessed 1.23.14). [WWW]. URL http://www.bdew.de/internet.nsf/id/20140114-pi-mueller-a-fundamental-reform-of-the-eeg-is-a-core-responsibility-for-the-new-german-fed?open&ccm=900010020010 (accessed 1.23.14).

23.4% renewables 2013

Frondel, M., Ritter, N., Schmidt, C., Vance, C., 2010. Economic impacts from the promotion of renewable energy technologies: The German experience [WWW]. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510001928 (accessed 1.23.14).

~2010, recent
warning for those trying to mirror German policy
Review of EEG (Renewable Energy Sources Act)
tariff walkthrough
net cost PV
claims more cost effective to use ETS( European Emmissions Trading System)
hits jobs

Frondel, M., Ritter, N., Schmidt, C., 2008. Germany’s solar cell promotion: Dark clouds on the horizon [WWW]. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421508003686 (accessed 1.23.14).

2008 precursor to above art
more focused PV, not wind

Bechberger, M., Reiche, D., 2004. Renewable energy policy in Germany: pioneering and exemplary regulations [WWW]. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0973082608603907 (accessed 1.23.14).

political,structural, and cognitive conditions for success
policies/acts since '89
HTDP/ETR/MAP/EECP/EP/EEG
explores obstacles near end

Weidner, H., Mez, L., 2008. German Climate Change Policy [WWW]. URL http://jed.sagepub.com/content/17/4/356.short (accessed 1.23.14).

GHG Emis Trends
CO2 chart pg367
culture of multi-level governance

Hoffman, W., Pietruszko, Viaud, M., 2004. "Towards an Effective European Industrial Policy for PV Solar Electricity." [WWW] URL http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.203.3598&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed 1.23.14)

turn of century trends
relatively short

Jacobsson, S., Bergek, A., 2004. Transforming the energy sector: the evolution of technological systems in renewable energy technology [WWW]. URL http://icc.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/5/815.short (accessed 1.23.14).

Germ, Sweden, Netherlands
inducement/blocking actors
stages: formative>market enlargement (economy of scale advantages)>cummulative causation
R&D dump w/o specific direction>vast "knowledge creation"

Jacobsson, S., Bergek, A., 2006. A Framework for Guiding Policy-makers Intervening in Emerging Innovation Systems in “Catching-Up” Countries [WWW]. Taylor and Francis Online. URL http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09578810601094902#.UuEhEbQo6Uk (accessed 1.23.14).

evolution of innovation systems(IS)
German IS/arch PV pg15
cummulative causation, feedback loop again
emphasis on identifying system weaknesses to target policy
German case-study useful, application to dev world too simple for US?

Toke, D., Volkmar Lauber, 2007. Anglo-Saxon and German approaches to neoliberalism and environmental policy: The case of financing renewable energy [WWW]. Science Direct. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016718506001837 (accessed 1.27.14).

UK's Renewables Obligation (RO) vs Germany's REFIT (Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff)
section 2 neolib background, explaining differing euro philosophies
"market based scheme's" (begin section 4)
RO's set targets that need to be met, otherwise penalized.
penalties are recylced back to ROC, increasing value (but does not encourage monopolies to meet target), actual ~66% in UK.
greater overall risk with RO, uncertain market trends and electricity prices
German REFIT competition: 1. manufacturers must compete in selling. 2. Competition among devs holds costs down. 3. Fosters competition with newcomers.
Must buy all renewables generated

Laird, F., Stefes, C., 2009. The diverging paths of German and United States policies for renewable energy: Sources of difference [WWW]. Science Direct. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509001189 (accessed 1.27.14).

reference many US-German policy papers @ bot
us larger renew resources, discounts that german public opinion is a huge factor (and Americans have similar views, Farhar source/polling)
similar through 70's crisis, diverge late 80's/early 90's
failure of top-down strats for big wind turbines
production tax credit in US, feed-in tariff Germany
less politcal stability in US, low R&D budgets (go back and compare), market volatility

Luthi, S., Wustenhagen, R., 2012. The price of policy risk — Empirical insights from choice experiments with European photovoltaic project developers [WWW]. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988311001678 (accessed 1.27.14).

section two is a literature review!
conclusion insight policy maker

Lehr, U., Nitsch, J., Kraztat, M., Lutz, C., Edler, D., 2008. Renewable energy and employment in Germany [WWW]. Science Direct. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421507003850 (accessed 1.28.14).

employment aspect
net employment hardly affected w/o export of the enery
ntm:Lookup energy in/out of US and neighbors

Sensfub, F., Ragwitz, M., Massimo, G., 2008. The merit-order effect: A detailed analysis of the price effect of renewable electricity generation on spot market prices in Germany [WWW]. Science Direct. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421508001717 (accessed 1.28.14).

merit-order effect
complex sim
short-term net profit consumers, a lot of future if's

Menanteau, P., Finon, D., Lamy, M.-L., 2003. Prices versus quantities: choosing policies for promoting the development of renewable energy [WWW]. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421502001337 (accessed 1.28.14).

price-based versus quanity based
equal in ideal situations
feed-in tariff>bidding systems
quota-based green certs

Wiser, R., Barbose, G., Holt, E., 2011. Supporting solar power in renewables portfolio standards: Experience from the United States [WWW]. Science Direct. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510008499 (accessed 1.28.14).

RPS most common in US
Wind most popular tech w/o solar set asides
growth of PV seen primarily in states with set asides

Huenteler, J., Schmidt, T., Kanie, N., 2012. Japan’s post-Fukushima challenge – implications from the German experience on renewable energy policy [WWW]. Science Direct. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512001589 (accessed 1.28.14).

another energy crisis spurs new policy
short, does not add much

Taylor, M., 2008. “Beyond technology-push and demand-pull: Lessons from California’s solar policy,”[WWW]. Science Direct. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988308000856 (accessed 1.28.14).

page 9,13.
R&D, RPS, establishing value carbon
need for gov't

Van Benthem, A., Gillinghan, K., Sweeney, J., 2008 "Learning-by-doing and the optimal solar policy in California." [WWW]. Science Direct URL http://piee.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/docs/publications/Learning-by-Doing_and_the_Optimal_Solar_Policy_in_California.pdf (accessed 1.28.14)

learning by doing (LBD) quantization of market failures
optimal subs lead to increase in eco eff.
ultimately lead to self-sufficient solar ind. (potentially)

Grau, T., Huo, M., Neuhoff, K., 2012. “Survey of photovoltaic industry and policy in Germany and China.” [WWW]. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512003345 (accessed 1.30.14).

up to 31% G now, 71% max
G: R&D<<deployment http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber="4897348"></deployment>Integration>Service Orientation

Hendry, C., Harborne, P., Brown, J., 2010. “So what do innovating companies really get from publicly funded demonstration projects and trials? innovation lessons from solar photovoltaics and wind.” [WWW]. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510002788 (accessed 2.4.14).