Neuron annotations - htem/FANC_auto_recon GitHub Wiki

We use CAVE tables to annotate neurons in the segmentation. neuron_information is the broadest table, containing many different categories of annotations, but then there are many different tables with more dedicated scopes.

This section describes the hierarchical organization of annotations present in the neuron_information CAVE table. This is a work in progress.

The section headers are not ever used as a tag on any specific neuron, but they are listed in the tag2 column to group its children under a common term.

• sensory neuron
  • chordotonal neuron
    • club chordotonal neuron
    • claw chordotonal neuron
    • hook chordotonal neuron
  • bristle mechanosensory neuron
    • bristle mechanosensory neuron at gustatory sensillum
  • hair plate neuron
  • campaniform sensillum neuron
  • gustatory neuron
  • thermosensory neuron
  • hygrosensory neuron
  • unknown sensory subtype
• central neuron (any neuron that stays within the central nervous system, i.e. the brain and/or VNC)
• motor neuron
  • leg motor neuron
    • T1 leg motor neuron (139 neurons)
    • T2 leg motor neuron (123 neurons)
    • T3 leg motor neuron (124 neurons)
  • neck motor neuron (24 neurons)
  • wing motor neuron
  • haltere motor neuron
  • spiracle motor neuron
  • abdominal motor neuron
• efferent non-motor neuron
  • UM neuron
    • T1 leg UM neuron (2 neurons)
    • T2 leg UM neuron (1 neuron)
    • T3 leg UM neuron (2 neurons)
    • neck UM neuron (1 neuron)
    • wing UM neuron (6 neurons)
    • haltere UM neuron (1 neuron)
    • abdominal UM neuron
• glia
  • trachea
  • astrocyte
  • cortex glia
  • ensheathing glia
  • perineural glia
  • subperineural glia

0A, 0B, 1A, 1B, 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7B, 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B, 10B, 11A, 11B, 12A, 12B, 13A, 13B, 14A, 14B, 15B, 16B, 17A, 17B, 17X, 18B, 18X, 19A, 19B, 20A.22A, 20B.21B.22B, 21A, 21X, 23B, 24A, 24B.25B, 26X, 27X

• cholinergic
• GABAergic
• glutamatergic

• dopaminergic
• histaminergic
• octopaminergic
• serotonergic
• tyraminergic

• left soma
• midline soma
• right soma

• soma in brain
• soma in T1
• soma in T2
• soma in T3
• soma in abdominal ganglion
  • soma in A1
  • soma in A2
  • soma in A3
  • soma in A4
  • soma in A5
  • soma in A6
  • soma in A7
  • soma in A8
  • soma in A9
  • soma in A10

• descending (axon comes from the brain to the VNC)
• ascending (axon goes from the VNC to the brain)

• leg local (innervates only 1 leg neuromere, or the 2 neuromeres for a left-right pair of legs. This annotation does NOT indicate that the cell innervates ONLY the leg neuromeres – the cell can also innervate other non-leg-neuromere regions like tectulum.)
  • T1 leg local
  • T2 leg local
  • T3 leg local
• leg intersegmental (innervates neuromeres for multiple pairs of legs. This annotation does NOT indicate that the cell innervates ONLY the leg neuromeres – the cell can also innervate other non-leg-neuromere regions like tectulum.)
  • T1+T2 leg intersegmental
    • T1-to-T2 leg intersegmental
    • T2-to-T1 leg intersegmental
  • T1+T3 leg intersegmental
    • T1-to-T3 leg intersegmental
    • T3-to-T1 leg intersegmental
  • T2+T3 leg intersegmental
    • T2-to-T3 leg intersegmental
    • T3-to-T2 leg intersegmental
  • T1+T2+T3 leg intersegmental

• teculum local (innervates only 1 segment of the teculum. This annotation does NOT indicate that the cell innervates ONLY the tectulum – the cell can also innervate other non-tectulum regions like the leg neuromeres.)
  • neck tectulum local
  • wing tectulum local
  • haltere tectulum local
• tectulum intersegmental (innervates multiple segments of the tectulum. This annotation does NOT indicate that the cell innervates ONLY the tectulum – the cell can also innervate other non-tectulum regions like the leg neuromeres.)
  • neck+wing tectulum intersegmental
    • neck-to-wing tectulum intersegmental
    • wing-to-neck tectulum intersegmental
  • neck+haltere tectulum intersegmental
    • neck-to-haltere tectulum intersegmental
    • haltere-to-neck tectulum intersegmental
  • wing+haltere tectulum intersegmental
    • wing-to-neck tectulum intersegmental
    • haltere-to-wing tectulum intersegmental
  • neck+wing+haltere teculum intersegmental

• unilateral (all synaptic connections are on one side of the VNC's midplane)
• bilateral (has synaptic connections on both sides of the VNC's midplane)
• midplane (all or nearly all branches stay near the VNC's midplane)

• innervates antenna
• innervates neck
• innervates leg
  • innervates T1 leg
    • innervates thorax
    • innervates thorax-coxa joint
    • innervates trochanter
    • innervates femur
    • innervates femur-tibia joint
    • innervates tibia
    • innervates tibia-tarsus joint
    • innervates tarsus
  • innervates T2 leg
    • innervates thorax
    • innervates thorax-coxa joint
    • innervates trochanter
    • innervates femur
    • innervates femur-tibia joint
    • innervates tibia
    • innervates tibia-tarsus joint
    • innervates tarsus
  • innervates T3 leg
    • innervates thorax
    • innervates thorax-coxa joint
    • innervates trochanter
    • innervates femur
    • innervates femur-tibia joint
    • innervates tibia
    • innervates tibia-tarsus joint
    • innervates tarsus
• innervates notum
  • innervates scutum
  • innervates scutellum
• innervates wing
  • innervates tegula
  • innervates radius
• innervates haltere
• innervates spiracle
• innervates abdomen

• innervates left side of body
• innervates right side of body

These muscle names come from Azevedo, Lesser, Phelps, Mark et al. 2024 Nature

• innervates tergopleural promotor
• innervates pleural promotor
• innervates pleural remotor and abductor
• innervates sternal anterior rotator
• innervates sternal posterior rotator
• innervates sternal adductor
• innervates tergotrochanter extensor
• innervates sternotrochanter extensor
• innervates trochanter extensor
• innervates trochanter flexor
• innervates accessory trochanter flexor
• innervates femur reductor
• innervates tibia extensor
• innervates tibia flexor
• innervates accessory tibia flexor
• innervates tarsus depressor
• innervates tarsus retro depressor
• innervates tarsus levator
• innervates long tendon muscle
  • innervates long tendon muscle 2
  • innervates long tendon muscle 1
• innervates indirect flight muscle
  • innervates dorsal longitudinal muscle
  • innervates dorsoventral muscle
• innervates wing steering muscle
• innervates wing tension muscle

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• L1 bundle (59 T1 leg motor neurons + 56 T2 leg motor neurons + 47 T3 leg motor neurons)
• L2 bundle (12 neurons)
• L3 bundle (10 neurons)
• L4 bundle (2 neurons)
• L5 bundle (2 neurons)
• A1 bundle (8 neurons)
• A2 bundle (4 neurons)
• A3 bundle (6 neurons)
• A4 bundle (4 neurons)
• A5 bundle (2 neurons)
• V1 bundle (6 neurons)
• V2 bundle (4 neurons)
• V3 bundle (4 neurons)
• V4 bundle (4 neurons)
• V5 bundle (2 neurons)
• V6 bundle (2 neurons)
• D1 bundle (4 neurons)
• D2 bundle (4 neurons)
• L6 bundle (16 neurons)
• L7 bundle (16 neurons)
• L8 bundle (8 neurons)
• L9 bundle (6 neurons)
• L10 bundle (2 neurons)
• L11 bundle (2 neurons)
• L12 bundle (2 neurons)
• L13 bundle (2 neurons)
• A6 bundle (6 neurons)
• A7 bundle (1 neurons)
• PDMN bundle (6 neurons)
• L14 bundle (33 neurons)
• L15 bundle (12 neurons)
• L16 bundle (4 neurons)
• L18 bundle (13 neurons)
• A11 bundle (5 neurons)
• A12 bundle (2 neurons)
• tbd bundle (8 neurons)
• C1 bundle (4 neurons)
• D bundle (20 neurons)
• A8 bundle (4 neurons)
• A9 bundle (12 neurons)
• A10 bundle (1 neurons)
• ADMN1 bundle (24 neurons)
• ADMN2 bundle (4 neurons)
• ADMN3 bundle (2 neurons)
• PDMN1 bundle (14 neurons)
• PDMN2 bundle (2 neurons)
• HN bundle (6 neurons)
• T3 H1 bundle (22 neurons)
• T3 H2 bundle (4 neurons)
• T3 H3 bundle (2 neurons)

Freeform text annotations indicating a neuron's specific cell type / name / identity

See also Home#Publications and public data releases

• Azevedo Lesser Phelps Mark et al. 2024
• Lesser Azevedo et al. 2024
• Cheong Boone Bennett et al. 2023
• Sapkal et al. 2023
• Yang et al. 2023
• Dallmann et al. 2023
• Yoshikawa et al. 2024
• Lee et al. 2024
• Stürner Brooks ... Eichler 2024
• Syed et al. 2024
• Guo et al. 2024
• Dhawan et al. 2025
• Lesser et al. 2025
• Cachero ... Jefferis Donà 2025

A collection of points placed in the axons of neurons as they travel through peripheral nerves. The tag indicates the name of the peripheral nerve, including its side (left vs right).

This table is currently incomplete, containing annotations only for a subset of the VNC's nerves. This will be completed at some point!

A collection of points placed in the neck connective at the plane with y coordinate 75200. The tag indicates which half of the neck connective (usually 'left' or 'right', but 'middle' for a few points) the point is associated with.

This table is complete – if a neuron doesn't have an annotation in this table, you can be quite confident that it in fact does not enter the neck connective. (Of course, there may be a very small number of annotations missing because we're only human. If you notice a point/neuron that isn't annotated but should be, let us know!)

Tony Azevedo manages tables with information about leg motor neurons. The main table is leg_mn_cell_type_table_v0. Then there are five reference tables containing additional information:

• leg_mn_neuropil_reftable_v0
• leg_mn_module_reftable_v0
• leg_mn_nerve_reftable_v0
• leg_mn_segment_reftable_v0
• leg_mn_order_reftable_v2

Specific identities of the wing motor neurons

Cell types for many sensory neurons

Information on the hemilineage identity of neurons, which also reveals their primary fast neurotransmitter.