Publications: Models Used in Behave7 - heinsch-fa/behave-app GitHub Wiki
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Should we keep the following? Titles are not complete.
a. Andrews 2007. BehavePlus: Past, Present, Future
b. Finney 2002. minimum travel time (I don't think this is used in Behave currently.)
c. Andrews 1986. ROS/FL from Point Source (Historically the way it was done.) -
Modifications - Some modifications may have been made, but I would like feedback.
Should we...
a. Merge the Scorch Height category into MORTALITY?
b. Add van Wagner's 1973 paper on crown scorch? I think it went into the crown transition model but maybe not?
c. Add Rothermel 1991 to Transition to Crown Fire and Fire Type (in addition to Scott and Reinhardt)?
d. Add Scott/Reinhardt 2005 to CROWN?
e. Add Brown and Simmerman 1986 to MORTALITY (aspen mortality) \f. Are there any articles about foliar moisture that we can add?
g. Should we add the dead and live fuel moisture to SURFACE? I cannot force the wiki to indent the following. :(i. Jolly 2005. Fuel model response to live fuel (This was a paper about sensitivity of fire behavior to live fuel moisture before/while dynamic fuel models were added. [I think])
ii. Rothermel 1983
iii. Scott/Burgan 2005
iv. Others? -
Bold text is generally an addition. The question I have is Keep, Edit, or Delete?
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For Calculators like Slope, RH, and VPD, I picked some NWCG publications that contain calculations that are the same as or very similar to those in B7.
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What references am I missing with the updates we did?
The Behave fire behavior modeling system version 7 consists of code derived from decades of scientific research, which is described in the following publications. All of the models included in Behave7 are listed here, separated by module. Citations are included in the list with full references at the bottom of the page. This list has been adapted from Andrews (2014), which was current through version 5. Additional models and modifications incorporated in versions 6 and 7 have been added.
| MODELS | REFERENCES |
|---|---|
| Surface head fire rate of spread, reaction intensity, characteristic dead fuel moisture, dead and live fuel moisture of extinction, wind and slope factors, heat source, head sink |
Rothermel 1972 Albini 1976a Finney 1998 Andrews 2018 |
| Fireline intensity, flame length | Byram 1959 Albini 1976b |
| Surface fire flame residence time ( for fireline intensity) | Anderson 1969 |
| Direction of maximum spread | Rothermel 1983 Finney 1998 |
|
KEEP? DELETE? Spread in direction from ignition point (point source fire) |
Andrews 1986 |
| Spread in direction from fire perimeter (normal to perimeter) | Catchpole and others 1982 |
|
KEEP? DELETE? Flame length based on flaming segment in direction from ignition point⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ |
Andrews 1986 |
| Flame length based on flaming segment perpendicular to perimeter | Catchpole and others 1982 Catchpole and others 1992 |
| Effective wind speed (combined effect of slope and wind) | Albini 1976b |
| Wind speed limit (delete) function | Rothermel 1972 Andrews and others 2013 |
| Wind adjustment factor | Albini and Baughman 1979 Baughman and Albini 1980 Rothermel 1983 Andrews 2012 |
| Wind speed at 10-meters adjusted to 20-feet | Turner and Lawson 1978 Lawson and Armitage 2008 |
| 13 standard fire behavior fuel models | Rothermel 1972 Albini 1976b Anderson 1982 |
| 40 standard fire behavior fuel models | Scott and Burgan 2005 |
| 18 Mediterranean fuel models, developed in Portugal | Fernandes and others 2009 Fernandes and Guedes 2011 Fernandes and Loureiro 2022 |
| 5 fire behavior fuel models for chaparral and coastal sage, developed in Southern CA |
Weiss 1997 |
| Custom fire behavior fuel models | Burgan and Rothermel 1984 Burgan 1987 |
| Dynamic fuel load transfer | Burgan 1979 Bradshaw and others 1983 Burgan and Rothermel 1984 Andrews 1986 Jolly 2005 Scott and Burgan 2005 Andrews and others 2006 |
| Combining two fuel models, harmonic mean | Fujioka 1985 |
| Combining two fuel models, 2-dimensional expected spread | Finney 2003 |
| Chaparral special case fuel model | Rothermel and Philpot 1973 Cohen 1986 |
| Palmetto-gallberry special case fuel model | Hough and Albini 1978 |
| Western aspen special case fuel model (Fire behavior only) | Brown and Simmerman 1986 Brown and Debyle 1987 |
| Probability of ignition from firebrand | Schroeder 1969 |
| Elliptical fire size and shape, area, perimeter, spread distance, length-to-width ratio | Anderson 1983 Andrews 1986 Finney 2002 ?? |
| Spotting distance from a burning pile | Albini 1981 |
| Spotting distance from a wind-driven surface fire | Albini 1983a Albini 1983b Chase 1984 Morris 1987 |
| MODELS | REFERENCES |
|---|---|
| Critical surface fire intensity /flame length (transition from surface to crown fire) | Van Wagner 1977 |
| Transition to crown fire, relationship of surface fire intensity and critical surface ⠀ fire intensity |
Van Wagner 1973 Van Wagner 1989 Van Wagner 1993 Finney 1998 Scott and Reinhardt 2001 |
| Crown fire rate of spread, spread distance, area, and perimeter | Rothermel 1991 Finney 1998 |
| Critical crown fire rate of spread (for active crown fire) | Van Wagner 1977 |
|
WORD DIFFERENTLY Active crown fire condition, relationship of crown fire rate of spread and critical crown fire rate of spread |
Van Wagner 1989 Van Wagner 1993 Finney 1998 Scott and Reinhardt 2001 |
| Fire type: surface, passive (torching), (delete) conditional crown, crowning |
Rothermel 1991 Van Wagner 1993 Finney 1998 Scott and Reinhardt 2001⠀⠀⠀ |
| Crown fire flame length | Thomas 1963 |
| Crown fire intensity | Rothermel 1991 Finney 1998 |
| Spotting distance from torching trees | Albini 1979 Chase 1981 |
| Spotting distance from active crown fire | Albini and others 2012 |
| Foliar Moisture | ? |
| MODELS | REFERENCES |
|---|---|
| Tree mortality⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | Ryan and Reinhardt 1988 Ryan and Amman 1994 Reinhardt and Crookston 2003 Wang and others 2007 Hood and others 2007 Keyser and others 2018 ⠀⠀ |
| Western aspen special case fuel model (Mortality only) | Brown and Simmerman 1986 Brown and Debyle 1987 |
| Bark thickness | Ryan and Reinhardt 1988 Reinhardt and Crookston 2003 Wang and others 2007 Lutes 2026 |
| Scorch height?? | ? |
| MODELS | REFERENCES |
|---|---|
| Fire containment ⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | Albini and others 1978 ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ Fried and Fried 1996 Fried and Fried 2010 Finney and others 2025 |
| Fireline Production Rates | Broyles 2013 NWCG 2021 |
Add link to Firefighter Math???
| CALCULATOR | MODELS | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|
| Probability of Ignition | Probability of ignition from firebrand⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | Schroeder 1969 |
| 1-Hour Fuel Moisture | Fine Dead Fuel Moisture (Reference Fuel Moisture and Correction) |
Rothermel 1983 |
| Slope from Map Measurements | Calculate using Map Distance, Contour Interval, # Contours |
As described in NWCG 2016⠀ |
| Vapor Pressure Deficit | Calculate using Temperature and Relative Humidity |
As described in Sellers 1965 |
| Relative Humidity | Calculate using Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperature |
As described in Schroeder and Buck (1970) |
| Safe Separation Distance & Safety Zone Size |
Calculate using Wind Speed, Slope, Burn Conditions, Vegetation Height. Includes both radiant and convective heating |
Butler 2014 Campbell & others 2016 Campbell & others 2022 Jimenez 2023 |
Note
Web Links: We provide open-source links to reference documents when possible, which includes all documents from the USDA Forest Service. Older documents may not be available online. The link name tells you the document's source.
DOI Articles by US federal scientists that are published in scientific journals are generally open source and linked via the Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
Fire Lab is the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, which is part of the USDA Forest Service.
FMT, or Fire Management Today, is a quarterly, peer reviewed publication by the USDA Forest Service.
Frames, supported by USFS and the University of Idaho, hosts a Resource Catalog. It contains some publications not housed in TreeSearch.
IAFSS is the International Association for Fire Safety Science, comprised of fire scientists and engineers, which focuses on research and education in structure and wildland fire safety science.
JFSP, the Joint Fire Science Program, funds research and supports managers in efforts to improve understanding of wildland fire, fuel, and fire-impacted ecosystems.
NTDP is the National Technology and Development Center, which is part of the USDA Forest Service.
NWCG, the National Wildfire Coordinating Group, provides national leadership to enable interoperable wildland fire operations among federal, state, local, Tribal, and territorial partners.
RG or ResearchGate, is a website for scientists, many of whom upload publications for easier access.
TreeSearch is the US Forest Service publication archive for science syntheses and peer reviewed publications.
Note: Articles in foreign languages can be translated using AI or a web browser.
Albini, Frank A. 1976a. Computer-based models of wildland fire behavior: a user's manual. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 68 p. Frames
Albini, Frank A. 1976b. Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-30. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 97 p. TreeSearch
Albini, Frank A. and others. 1978. Mathematical analysis of forest fire suppression. Res. Pap. INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 19 p. Frames
Albini, Frank A. 1979. Spot fire distance from burning trees -- a predictive model. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-56. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 73 p. Frames
Albini, Frank A. 1981. Spot fire distance from isolated sources -- extensions of a predictive model. Res. Note. INT-RN-309. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 11 p. Frames
Albini, Frank A. 1983a. Potential spotting distance from wind-driven surface fires. Res. Pap. INT-309. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 27 p. Frames
Albini, Frank A. 1983b. Transport of firebrands by line thermals. Combustion Science and Technology. 32: 277-288. DOI: 10.1080/00102208308923662
Albini, Frank A.; Alexander, Martin E.; Cruz, Miguel G. 2012. A mathematical model for predicting the maximum potential spotting distance from a crown fire. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 21(5): 609-627. DOI: 10.1071/WF11020
Albini, Frank A.; Baughman, Robert G. 1979. Estimating windspeeds for predicting wildland fire behavior. Res. Pap. INT-221. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p. Frames
Albini, Frank A.; Brown, James K. 1978. Predicting slash depth for fire modeling. Res. Pap. INT-206. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 22 p. Frames
Albini, Frank A.; Korovin, G. N.; Gorovaya, E. H. 1978. Mathematical analysis of forest fire suppression. Res. Pap. INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 19 p. Frames
Anderson, Hal E. 1969. Heat transfer and fire spread. Res. Pap. INT-69. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 20 p. TreeSearch
Anderson, Hal E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-122. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 22 p. TreeSearch
Anderson, Hal E. 1983. Predicting wind-driven wild land fire size and shape. Res. Pap. INT-305. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 26 p. Frames
Andrews, Patricia L. 1986. BEHAVE: fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system--BURN Subsystem, Part 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-194. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 130 p. TreeSearch
KEEP? DELETE?
Andrews, Patricia L. 2007. BehavePlus fire modeling system: past, present, and future. In: Proceedings of Seventh Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology; 2007 October 23-25; Bar Harbor, ME. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society. 13 p. TreeSearch
Andrews, Patricia L. 2012. Modeling wind adjustment factor and midflame wind speed for Rothermel's surface fire spread model. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 39 p. TreeSearch
Andrews, Patricia L. 2014. Current status and future needs of the BehavePlus Fire Modeling System. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 23(1): 21-33. DOI: 10.1071/WF12167
Andrews, Patricia L. 2018. The Rothermel surface fire spread model and associated developments: A comprehensive explanation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-371. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 121 p. TreeSearch
Andrews, Patricia L.; Anderson, Stuart A.J.; Anderson, Wendy R. 2006. Evaluation of a dynamic load transfer function using grassland curing data. In: Andrews, Patricia L.; Butler, Bret W., comps. Fuels management-how to measure success: Conference Proceedings. 2006 March 28-30; Portland, OR. Proc. RMRS-P-41. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 381-394. TreeSearch
Andrews, Patricia L.; Cruz, Miguel G.; Rothermel, Richard C. 2013. Examination of the wind speed limit function in the Rothermel surface fire spread model. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 22(7): 959-969. DOI: 10.1071/WF12122
Baughman, Robert G.; Albini, Frank A. 1980. Estimating midflame windspeeds. In: Martin, R.E.; Edmonds, R.L.; Faulkner, D.A.; Harrington, J.B.; Fuquay, D.M.; Stocks, B.J.; Barr, S., eds. Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology; 1980 April 22-24; Seattle, WA. Washington DC: Society of American Foresters: 88-92. Frames
Bradshaw, Larry S.; Deeming, John E.; Burgan, Robert E.; Cohen, Jack D., comps. 1983. The 1978 National Fire-Danger Rating System: technical documentation. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-169. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 44 p. Treesearch
KEEP? DELETE?
Brown, James K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-16. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 24 p. Treesearch
Brown, James K.; Debyle, Norbert V. 1987. Fire damage, mortality, and suckering in aspen. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 17(9): 1100-1109. DOI: 10.1139/x87-168
Brown, James K.; Simmerman, Dennis G. 1986. Appraising fuels and flammability in western aspen: a prescribed fire guide. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-205. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 48 p. DOI: 10.2737/INT-GTR-205
Broyles, George. 2011. Fireline Production Rates. 1151 1805-SDTDC. San Dimas, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center. 19 p. NTDP
Burgan, Robert E. 1979. Estimating live fuel moisture for the 1978 National Fire Danger Rating System. Res. Pap. INT-226. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 16 p. TreeSearch
Burgan, Robert E. 1987. Concepts and interpreted examples in advanced fuel modeling. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-238. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 40 p. TreeSearch
Burgan, Robert E.; Rothermel, Richard C. 1984. BEHAVE: fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system -- FUEL subsystem. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-167. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 110 p. TreeSearch
Butler, B.W. 2014. Wildland firefighter safety zones: A review of past science and summary of future needs. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 23(3): 295–308. TreeSearch
Byram, George M. 1959. Combustion of forest fuels. In: Davis, Kenneth P. Forest fire control and use. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co.: chapter 3. Frames
Campbell, M.J.; Dennison, P.E.; Butler, B.W. 2016. Safe separation distance score: A new metric for evaluating wildland firefighter safety zones using lidar. International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 31(7): 1448–1466 DOI: 10.1080/13658816.2016.1270453
Campbell, M.J.; Dennison, P.E.; Thompson, M.P.; Butler, B.W. 2022. Assessing potential safety zone suitability using a new online mapping tool. Fire. 5(1): 5. DOI: 10.3390/fire5010005
Catchpole, E. A.; de Mestre, N. J.; Gill, A. M. 1982. Intensity of fire at its perimeter. Australian Forestry Research. 12: 47-54. (Not Available Online)
Catchpole, E. A.; Alexander, M. E.; Gill, A. M. 1992. Elliptical-fire perimeter- and area-intensity distributions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 22: 968-972. DOI: 10.1139/x92-129
Chase, Carolyn H. 1981. Spot fire distance equations for pocket calculators. Res. Note. INT-310. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 21 p. Frames
Chase, Carolyn H. 1984. Spotting distance from wind-driven surface fires -- extensions of equations for pocket calculators. Res. Note. INT-349. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 21 p. Google Play
Cohen, Jack D. 1986. Estimating fire behavior with FIRECAST: user's manual. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-90. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 11 p. TreeSearch
Fernandes, Paulo and Guedes, Cláudia. 2011. Fichas-tipo das relações entre o fogo e a floresta Portuguesa (Standard sheets on the relationship between fire and the Portuguese forest). Vila Real, Portugal. Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. 9 p. (English translation available on ResearchGate) RG
Fernandes, Paulo and Loureiro, Carlos. 2022. Modelos de combustível florestal para Portugal - Documento de referência, versão de 2021 (Forest fuel models for Portugal - Technical Report). Vila Real, Portugal. Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. 15 p. RG
Fernandes, Paulo M. and others. 2009. Modelos de combustível florestal para Portugal (Forest Fuel Models for Portugal). In: Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciências Florestais. Actas do 6º Congresso Florestal Nacional: A Floresta num Mundo Globalizado; 2009 Outubro 6–9; Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal. Lisboa, Portugal: Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciências Florestais: 348-354. RG
Finney, Mark A. 1998. FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator-model development and evaluation . Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-4, Revised 2004, Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 47 p. TreeSearch
Finney, Mark A. 2002. Fire growth using minimum travel time methods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 32: 1420-1424. DOI: 10.1139/x02-068
Finney, Mark A. 2003. Calculation of fire spread rates across random landscapes. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 12: 167-174. DOI: 10.1071/WF03010
Finney, Mark A. and others. 2025. A generalized wildfire containment algorithm. Ecological Modelling. 505: 111134. TreeSearch
Fried, Jeremy S.; Fried, Burton D. 1996. Simulating wildfire containment with realistic tactics. Forest Science. 42(3): 267-281. DOI: 10.1093/forestscience/42.3.267
Fried, Jeremy S.; Fried, Burton D. 2010. A foundation for initial attack simulation: the Fried and Fried fire containment model. Fire Management Today. 70(2): 44-47. FMT
Fujioka, Francis M. 1985. Estimating wildland fire rate of spread in a spatially nonuniform environment. Forest Science. 31(1): 21-29. TreeSearch
Hood, Sharon M.; McHugh, Charles; Ryan, Kevin C.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth; Smith, Sheri. 2007. Evaluation of a post-fire tree mortality model for western U.S. conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 16: 679-689. TreeSearch
Hough, Walter A.; Albini, Frank A. 1978. Predicting fire behavior in palmetto-gallberry fuel complexes. Res. Pap. SE-174. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 44 p. TreeSearch
Jimenez, Dan. 2023. The Safe Separation Distance Evaluator: Is my safety zone big enough? Science You Can Use (in 5 Minutes), February 2023. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 2 p. TreeSearch
KEEP? DELETE?
Jolly, William M. 2005. Sensitivity of a fire behavior model to changes in live fuel moisture. In: Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology; 2005 October 25-27; Canmore, AB, Canada. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society. 5 p. RG
Keyser, Tara L. and others. 2018. Short-term stem mortality of 10 deciduous broadleaved species following prescribed burning in upland forests of the Southern US. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 27:42-51. DOI: 10.1071/WF17058
Lawson, Bruce D.; Armitage, O. Brad. 2008. Weather guide for the Canadian forest fire danger rating system. Edmonton, AB, Canada: National Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre. 73 p. RG
UPDATED TO CURRENT
Lutes, Duncan C. 2026. FOFEM 6.9.4 User's Guide. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT. 66 p. Fire Lab
Morris, Glen A. 1987. A simple method for computing spotting distances from wind-driven surface fires. Res. Note. INT-374. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 6 p. FRAMES
KEEP? DELETE? (Not Mentioned?)
National Wildfire Coordinating Group. 2004. Fireline Handbook. PMS 410-1. Boise, ID. NWCG
KEEP? DELETE? (Not Mentioned?)
National Wildfire Coordinating Group. 2004. Fireline Handbook, Part B. Fire Behavior. PMS 410-2. Boise, ID. NWCG
National Wildfire Coordinating Group. 2016. Basic Land Navigation. PMS 475. Boise, ID. 172 p. NWCG
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Fuels Management Committee. 2021. Fireline Production Tables. PMS 210 (Discontinued). Boise, ID. 172 p. NTDP
Reinhardt, Elizabeth D.; Crookston, Nicholas L. 2003. The Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-116. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 209 p. TreeSearch
Rothermel, Richard C. 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. Res. Pap. INT-115. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 40 p. TreeSearch
Rothermel, Richard C. 1983. How to predict the spread and intensity of forest and range fires. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-143. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 161 p. TreeSearch
Rothermel, Richard C. 1991. Predicting behavior and size of crown fires in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Res. Pap. INT-438. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 46 p. TreeSearch
Rothermel, Richard C.; Philpot, Charles W. 1973. Predicting changes in chaparral flammability. Journal of Forestry. 71(10): 640-643. TreeSearch
Ryan, Kevin C.; Amman, Gene D. 1994. Interactions between fire-injured trees and insects in the greater Yellowstone area. In: Despain, Don G., ed. Plants and their environments: Proceedings of the first biennial scientific conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem; 1991 September 16-17; Yellowstone National Park, WY. Technical Report NPS/NRYELL/NRTR. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Natural Resources Publication Office. 259-271. RG
Ryan, Kevin C.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 1988. Predicting post fire mortality of seven western conifers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18: 1291-1297. DOI: 10.1139/x88-199
Schroeder, Mark J. 1969. Ignition probability. Unpublished report on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, 26 p. FRAMES
Schroeder, Mark J., & Buck, Charles C. (1970). Fire weather: A guide for application of meteorological information to forest fire control operations (Agriculture Handbook 360). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 229 p. NWCG
KEEP? DELETE?
Scott, Joe H.; Burgan, Robert E. 2005. Standard fire behavior fuel models: a comprehensive set for use with Rothermel's surface fire spread model. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-153. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 72 p. TreeSearch
Scott, Joe H.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 59 p. TreeSearch
Scott, Joe H.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2005. Stereo photo guide for estimating canopy fuel characteristics in conifer stands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-145. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 49 p. TreeSearch
Sellers, William D. 1965. Physical Climatology. Chicago, IL. The University of Chicago Press. 272 p. (Not Available Online)
Thomas, Philip H. 1963. The size of flames from natural fires. In: Proceedings, 9th International Symposium on Combustion; 1962; Ithaca, NY: Academic Press: 844-859. IAFSS
Turner, Jack A.; Lawson, Bruce D. 1978. Weather in the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System: a user guide to national standards and practices. Inf. Rep. BC-X-177. Victoria, BC, Canada: Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre. 40 p. (Not Available Online)
Van Wagner, Charles E. 1973. Height of crown scorch in forest fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3(3): 373-378. DOI: 10.1139/x73-055
Van Wagner, Charles E. 1977. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 7(1): 23-34. DOI: 10.1139/x77-004
Van Wagner, Charles E. 1989. Prediction of crown fire behavior in conifer stands. In: MacIver, D. C.; Auld, H.; Whitewood, R., eds. Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology; 1989 April 17-21, 1989; Ottawa, ON. Canada: Environment Canada, Forestry Canada: 207-212. (Not Available Online)
Van Wagner, Charles E. 1993. Prediction of crown fire behavior in two stands of jack pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 23(3): 442-449. DOI: 10.1139/x77-004
Wang, G. Geoff; Wangen, Steve; Reinhardt, Elizabeth; Waldrop, Thomas A.; Outcalt, Kenneth W.; Walker, Joan L.: Brockway, Dale G.; Haywood, James D.; Hiers, J. Kevin. 2007. Modify FOFEM for use in the Coastal Plain Region of the Southeastern US. Program Report 5-4-3-06. Joint Fire Science Program. 78 p. JFSP
Weise, David. 1997. Fuel modeling efforts for chaparral. California Fuels Committee, Resource Management: The Fire Element; Spring/Summer 1997. 2 p. (Not Available Online)
