Glossing abbreviations used in this wiki - grambank/grambank GitHub Wiki
This is a list of glossing abbreviations used in the examples in this wiki. We followed the conventions of the Leipzig Glossing Rules. When these rules did not have a suggestion for a particular gloss, we referred to this list of glossing abbreviations, assembled from various reference sources. When there was no conventional gloss, we followed the conventions used in the sources cited in the individual wiki articles. In some cases, we also explain the abbreviation in the wiki articles.
| Abbreviation | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 1 | first person |
| 2 | second person |
| 3 | third person |
| 3ON3 | third person singular A and third person singular P |
| A | agent-like argument |
| ABL | ablative |
| ABS | absolutive |
| ACC | accusative |
| ACT | active |
| ADD | additive |
| ADESS | adessive |
| ADR | addressee |
| AFC | affective |
| AFF | affirmative |
| ALIEN | alienable |
| ALL | allative |
| ANIM | animate |
| ANT | anterior |
| ANTIP | antipassive |
| AOR | aorist |
| APL | associative plural |
| APPL | applicative |
| ART | article |
| ASS | assertion |
| AST | absential |
| AUG | augmented, augmentative |
| AUX | auxiliary |
| AV | actor voice |
| BEN | benefactive |
| CAUS | causative |
| CF | counterfactual |
| CJ | conjoint |
| CL | class or classifier |
| CMPR | comparative |
| CO | coordinator |
| COM | comitative |
| COMP | complementizer |
| COMPL | completive |
| CON | connective |
| CONJ | conjunction |
| CONT | continuous |
| COP | copula |
| CoR | copula |
| CVB | converb |
| DAT | dative |
| DECL | declarative |
| DEF | definite |
| DEI | deictic |
| DEM | demonstrative |
| DET | determiner |
| DIM | diminutive |
| DIR | direction, directional |
| DIRC | direct |
| DIST | distal, distant |
| DISTR | distributive |
| DS | different subject |
| DSO | dissociative |
| DU | dual number |
| DUR | durative |
| EMPH | emphasis |
| ERG | ergative |
| EVID | evidential |
| EXCL | exclusive |
| EXH | exhaustive |
| F | feminine |
| FACT | factive |
| FIN | finite |
| FOC | focus |
| FUT | future |
| FV | final vowel |
| GEN | genitive |
| GL | goal |
| HAB | habitual |
| HON | honorific |
| HSY | hearsay |
| HUM | human |
| IMP | imperative |
| INANIM | inanimate |
| INCH | inchoative |
| INCL | inclusive |
| INCMPL | incompletive |
| IND | indicative |
| INDF | indefinite |
| INF | infinitive |
| INSTR | instrumental |
| INTEN | intentional, intentive |
| INTR | intransitive |
| INTS | intensive |
| INV | inverse |
| INVIS | invisible |
| IPFV | imperfective |
| IRR | irrealis |
| ITER | iterative |
| JUSS | jussive |
| LOC | locative |
| LOCUT | locutor |
| LOG | logophoric |
| M | masculine |
| MDIST | medial, mid distance |
| MIN | minimal |
| MOD | modifier |
| MOT | motion |
| N1 | non-first person |
| N3 | non-third person |
| NARR | narrative tense |
| NEC | necessity |
| NEG | negation |
| NEUT | neuter |
| NFUT | nonfuture |
| NHUM | nonhuman |
| NLOCUT | nonlocutor |
| NM | non-masculine gender |
| NMLZ | nominalizer |
| NOM | nominative |
| NP | noun phrase |
| NPROX | nonproximal |
| NPST | nonpast |
| NSG | nonsingular |
| NSIT | new situation |
| O | object |
| OBJ | object |
| OBL | oblique |
| OBV | obviative |
| OC | open container |
| P | patient-like argument |
| PASS | passive |
| PAU | paucal |
| PERS | personalizer |
| PFV | perfective |
| PL | plural |
| PLN | plain speech level (Korean) |
| PM | predicate marker |
| POSS | possessive |
| POT | potential |
| PREP | preposition |
| PRF | perfect |
| PROG | progressive |
| PROX | proximal, proximity |
| PRS | present |
| PRT | particle |
| PST | past |
| PT | potent |
| PTCP | participle |
| PUNCT | punctual |
| PURP | purposive |
| Q | question, question marker, interrogative |
| QUOT | quotative |
| REAL | realis |
| RECP | reciprocal |
| REDUP | reduplication |
| REFL | reflexive |
| REL | relative, relatvizer |
| REMPST | remote past |
| REP | repetitive |
| RST | restrictive |
| S | subject or only argument of a canonical intransitive verb |
| SBJ | subject |
| SENS | sensory evidential |
| SEQ | sequential |
| SG | singular |
| SIM | simultaneous |
| SO | SO-suffix (in Siwai) |
| SPEC | specific |
| SPKR | speaker |
| SR | switched reference |
| SRO | solid, roundish object |
| SS | same subject |
| STAT | stative |
| SUBR | subordinate |
| SUPL | superlative |
| TAM | tense-aspect-mood/modality |
| TAME | tense-aspect-mood/modality-evidentiality |
| TEMP | temporal |
| TERM | terminative |
| TNS | tense |
| TOP | topic |
| TPR | temporary |
| TR | transitive |
| TRL | trial |
| V | verb |
| VAR | various |
| VE | vegetation class |
| VN | verbal noun |