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Can the relative clause follow the noun?

Summary

Can non-correlative relative clauses immediately follow the noun they modify? In other words, are there relative clauses with the structure [The woman [who has a green hat] is tall? This question only concerns relative clauses that immediately follow the noun, without requiring an anaphoric pronoun in the main clause – which would make them correlative relative clauses (e.g. [The woman who has a green hat] she is tall) (see GB330). A relative clause is a type of clause that serves to modify a noun. Merely having a verb that modifies the noun does not suffice as evidence of a relative clause. In such cases, it is more likely to be identified as a participle.

Procedure

Consider only non-correlative clauses: disregard relative clauses that have an anaphoric pronoun in the main clause.
Code 1 if a source mentions that relative clauses are or can be postnominal.
Code 1 if you find examples of postnominal relative clauses.
Code 0 if a source mentions that relative clauses cannot be postnominal.
Code 0 if a source describes prenominal or internally headed relative clauses but does not discuss postnominal relative clauses.
Code ? if there are examples that contain potential postnominal relative clauses but the analysis is inconclusive.
Code ? if the source does not treat relative clauses in much detail and may have missed postnominal relative clauses.

Examples

Neverver (ISO 639-3: lgk, Glottolog: ling1265)

In Neverver, relative clauses are always postnominal, just like other nominal modifiers (Barbour 2012: 147). Neverver is coded 1.

Niterikh  an  im-ngar      nakh   i-tokh         si.
child     REL 3SG.IRR-cry  here   3SG.REAL-exist NEG
‘There is no child who is crying here.’
(Barbour 2012: 149)

Awtuw (ISO 639-3: kmn, Glottolog: awtu1239)

In Awtuw, relative clauses precede the noun (Feldman 1986: 164). The only examples of postnominal relative clauses are non-restrictive relative clauses with an intonation break and may be interpreted as combinations of two separate appositional noun phrases, rather than a single noun phrase with a noun and a relative clause (Feldman 1986: 132). This language is thus an example without postnominal relative clauses. Awtuw is coded 0.

Prenominal relative clause:

a. rey    yen    tawkway  da-kl-a-re       rame(-re-k) lakna-kay
   3SG.M  2SG    tobacco  FACT-get-PST-O   man-O-INTS  die-PRF
   ‘the man you got tobacco from has died’ (Feldman 1986: 164)

Appositional noun phrases, including a relative clause:

b. rey    nawer   wiye-taw     du-k-uwk-iy-re
   3SG.M  father  garden-tree  FACT-IPFV-fell-IPFV-O
   ‘the father, who was felling a garden tree’ (Feldman 1986: 132)

Umbu-Ungu (ISO 639-3: ubu, Glottolog: umbu1258)

In Umbu-Ungu, relative clauses may either precede or follow the noun (Head 2011: 81). REL-NOUN is the dominant pattern (Head 2011: 2). Umbu-Ungu is coded 1.

Relative clause following the noun:

kapisi   koyo-ngi             aku-mu-nge     mare
cabbage  steam.cook-NPST.3PL  REL-the.SG-LOC some
‘some of the cabbage which they had steam cooked’ (Head 2011: 81)

Relative clause preceding the noun:

kalopera  naa   to-ru-mu//          kolea   aku-me     pali
frost     not   strike-DIST.PST-3SG place   REL-the.PL all
‘all those places the frost did not strike’ (Head 2011: 81)

References

Barbour, Julie. 2012. A grammar of Neverver. (Mouton Grammar Library, 60.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Feldman, Harry. 1986. A grammar of Awtuw. (Pacific Linguistics: Series B, 94.) Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.

Head, June. 2011. A grammar of Umbu-Ungu. Ukarumpa: Ms., SIL.

Related Features

Patron

Jakob Lesage