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Is verbal predication marked by the same negator as all of the following types of predication: locational, existential and nominal?
Summary
This feature pertains only to the negative marker itself, be it an independent particle, verb, auxiliary, clitic or affix. This feature covers three kinds of non-verbal negation: locational (The dog is not in the kitchen.), existential (Hogwarts does not exist.) or nominal predication (Ursula is not a witch.).
Procedure
- Find the section in the available descriptive literature that deals with negation.
- Find the sections that describe locational, existential and nominal predication.
- If at least one of these three has a different negator from verbal negation, code this feature as 0.
- If you can only find information on one of these three, and it is expressed with the same negator as verbal negation, code as ?.
- If the source is extensive and only brings up 2 out of 3 of the functions, we can probably safely assume that if the third one was different it would have been mentioned. Therefore we can code 1. However if the description is minimal, we should code ? because the author could just have missed the third kind of function.
- If you cannot find information on any of these three categories of non-verbal negation, code as ?.
Examples
Turkish (ISO 639-3: tur, Glottolog: nucl1301)
Standard negation in Turkish is marked by the suffix -mA (a). Copula sentences, including locational (b) and nominal predication (c), have a special negative auxiliary deǧil that inflects for tense and person/number (Kornfilt 1997: 123–124). Turkish is coded as 0 for this feature.
a. Hasan kitab-ı oku-ma-dı
Hasan book-ACC read-NEG-PST
‘Hasan didn't read the book.’ (Kornfilt 1997: 123)
b. (ben) ev-de deǧil-im
I home-LOC NEG.COP-1SG
‘I am not at home.’ (Kornfilt 1997: 124)
c. (ben) hasta deǧil-im
I sick NEG.COP-1SG
‘I am not sick.’ (Kornfilt 1997: 124)
Further reading
Croft, William. 1991. The evolution of negation. Journal of Linguistics 27(1). 1–27.
Dahl, Östen. 1979. Typology of sentence negation. Linguistics 17. 79–106.
Dahl, Östen. 2010. Typology of negation. In Laurence R. Horn (ed.), The expression of negation, 9–38. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Dryer, Matthew S. 2013. Negative morphemes. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Payne, John R. 1985. Negation. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
References
Kornfilt, Jaklin. 1997. Turkish. (Descriptive Grammars.) London: Routledge.
Related Features
- GB107 Can standard negation be marked by an affix, clitic or modification of the verb?
- GB137 Can standard negation be marked clause-finally?
- GB138 Can standard negation be marked clause-initially?
- GB139 Is there a difference between imperative (prohibitive) and declarative negation constructions?
- GB298 Can standard negation be marked by an inflecting word (‘auxiliary verb’)?
- GB299 Can standard negation be marked by a non-inflecting word (‘auxiliary particle’)?
Patron
Hedvig Skirgård