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Do verbs have suffixes or enclitics other than S, A or P indexes (do include indexes that also mark TAM or negation)?

Summary

This feature targets the existence of affixation that is attached to the end of a stem, productive, and dedicated to one or more specific grammatical functions. These suffixes or enclitics could have a variety of functions, marking TAME, functioning as verbal derivation markers, as inverse markers, relative markers, etc. Only indexes dedicated to core argument marking do not count. The end result has to be a finite verb and cannot, for example, be a deverbal noun or an adverb. Grambank counts the separate elements of circumfixes as affixes. If one of the elements of a circumfix precedes the host it attaches to, we treat it as a prefix. If one of the elements of a circumfix follows the host it attaches to, we treat it as a suffix.

Procedure

1. Code 1 if the source mentions a phonologically bound suffix or enclitic on the verb which marks something other than A, S or P.
2. Code 1 if there is no information on phonological (in)dependence but the suffix or enclitic is orthographically bound to the verb. Add a comment that your analysis is based on orthography here.
3. Code 1 if you identify a phonologically bound suffix or enclitic in the examples/texts provided in a source.
4. Code 0 if the outcome of affixation is not a verb.
5. Code 0 if a source mentions that there are no suffixes or enclitics on the verb.
6. Code ? if there are examples that contain potential markers but their analysis remains inconclusive.

Examples

Siamou (ISO 639-3: sif, Glottolog: siam1242)

Siamou is one of many languages with a strong preference for suffixes. In its chapters on aspect, Toews (2015: 99-243) describes six suffixes. Nowhere does the author mention prefixes marking the categories we are interested in. It is coded 1 for this feature.

Pnar (ISO 639-3: pbv, Glottolog: pnar1238)

Pnar only has prefixes according to Ring (2015: 72), who describes prefixes such as the durative marker li- but does not describe any relevant suffixes in the section on verbs (Ring 2015: 145-153). It is coded 0 for this feature.

Abkhaz (ISO 639-3: abk, Glottolog: abkh1244)

Abkhaz has both prefixes and suffixes (Chirikba 2003: 38-39). Non-volitional mood/modality, for example, is marked with a prefix on the verb, while iterative aspect is marked by a suffix. It is coded 1 for this feature.

Further reading

There is interesting work on the reasons why suffixation appears to be more prevalent than prefixation. So far the best statistics is Dryer (2013) and a potential explanation is given in Himmelmann (2014).

Dryer, Matthew S. 2013. Prefixing vs. suffixing in inflectional morphology. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Himmelmann, Nikolaus. 2014. Asymmetries in the prosodic phrasing of function words: Another look at the suffixing preference. Language 90(4). 927–960.

References

Chirikba, Viacheslav A. 2003. Abkhaz. (Languages of the World: Materials, 119.) Munich: Lincom Europa.

Ring, Hiram. 2015. A grammar of Pnar. (Doctoral dissertation, Nanyang Technological University)

Toews, Carmela I. P. 2015. Topics in Siamou tense and aspect. (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia)

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Patron

Jakob Lesage