Overview - friznit/Unofficial-Tantares-Wiki GitHub Wiki

Programmes

Manned Spaceflight

  • Vostok - Competed with Mercury to put first man & woman in space (1961).
  • Voskhod - Modified Vostok to fit 3 crewmen (1964/5) and dogs (1966).
  • Soyuz - Third manned space programme and moon landings 1960's and onwards
  • Zvezda - Military Soyuz concepts (Soyuz P, PPK, R, 7K-VI, OIS)
  • Zarya - VTOL "Super Soyuz" concept (1985-89)
  • TMK - Manned Mars & Venus flyby concept
  • Orel (Oryol) - Formerly Federation/PPTS, Roscosmos next gen crewed spacecraft in development

Soyuz Spacecraft

  • A/7K - Proposal for A-B-V (7K-9K-11K) circumlunar concept. EOR 7K CSM + 9K EDS + 11K tanker.
  • 7K-OK (Salyut page) - First gen; Salyut ferry; Soyuz LV. Bent solar panels and Igla docking system.
  • 7K-L1 "Zond" (Proton page) - lunar flybys. Orbital module replaced by support cone & Ae.
  • 7K-L3 LOK (N1 page) - moon landings mother ship.
  • 7K-OKS (aka 7KT-OK) - Soyuz LV; designed for station flights. Probe & drogue docking system. 3 crew; bad things happened.
  • 7K-T - Second gen ferry; Soyuz-U LV; no solar panels; 2 large whip Ae. Crew reduced to 2 to make room for enhanced safety & life support after OKS disaster.
  • 7K-TM - Apollo-Soyuz test project; Soyuz-U LV. Straight solar panels; APAS docking port.
  • 7K-VI "Zvezda"- Military Soyuz; forward docking for Almaz
  • T - Third gen transport derived from 7K-TM; 3 crew (with suits!); straight solar panels.
  • TM (also TMA / TMA-M) (Soyuz Page) - Fourth gen (not to be confused with 7K-TM).
  • 7K-MS (Soyuz-FG LV) - antennae and thruster placement varies from TMA but otherwise similar.

Space Stations

  • Almaz/TKS - Secret military space station and TKS resupply craft. Rolled into Salyut (1960's)
  • Salyut - First space station (1971-86)
  • Mir - First modular space station (1986-2001)
  • ISS - Russian Orbital Segment (Zarya and Zvezda names borrowed from old programmes)(1998)
  • Progress (ORV 1978-) uses Soyuz LV

Moon Base

  • Zvezda - DLB Lunar Base concept, successor to the N1-L3 manned lunar expedition programme (1962-74)

Notable Satellite Programmes

  • Sputnik 1-3 - First satellites (1957-60). Many other satellites designated as "Sputnik" by the West
  • Kosmos (1962-) - Common name for Earth orbiting (mostly) military satellites. Also probes that failed TLI redesignated as Kosmos
  • Elektron (1964) - Particle physics; Vostok-K LV
  • Meteor (1964) - Weather; Vostok-2M
  • Proton (1965) - Earth observation
  • Molniya (1965) - Military & communications
  • Luna - Mun lander attempt
  • Zenit (2, 3SL, 3SLB) - Recon sats. First two launched on Vostok-K
  • Zond 1-3 (1965) - 3MV planetary probes. Zond 1 & 2 failed. Zond 3 orbited Moon and Mars
  • Zond 4-8 (1967-70) - Soyuz 7K-L1 uncrewed moon lander test flights; Proton LV

Launch Vehicles

Soviet and Russian launch vehicles often acquire a moniker associated with the payload or programme for which they are used. For example, UR-500 came to be known as Proton after the earth observation satellite programme.

R-7 Family

  • Derived from R-7 Semyorka ICBM. Blok-A = Core RD-108; Blok-B, V, G, D = 4x LFB RD-107.
    • Sputnik-PS 8K71PS (Sputnik 1 & 2 1957)
    • Sputnik 8A91 (Sputnik 3 1958)
  • Vostok
    • Luna 8K72 (Lunar probe 1958). Adds Blok-E upper stage.
    • Molniya 8K78 (Venera 1 1960, Mars 1 1962). Uses Blok-I plus either Blok-L (-M); Blok-2BL (-M/2BL); Blok-ML (-M/ML); Blok-SO-L (-M/SO-L).
    • Vostok-K 8K72K (Crew capsule 1960-64). RD-109E on upper stage. -L used for unmanned tests. -M used as SLV.
    • Vostok-2 8A92 (Zenit-2 recon sats 1962-67). 2M for lighter payloads with third stage (e.g. Elektron).
    • Polyot 11A59 (ASAT test vehicle 1963). Stopgap between cancelled UR-200 and Tsyklon. No upper stage.
    • Voskhod 11A57 (Multicrew CM LEO 1965-76). Vostok with Blok-I Upper stage from Molniya.
    • Molniya-M 8K78M (Prognoz 1964, Oko 2008)
  • Soyuz 11A511 (Multicrew CM, Zenit, Progress). Basically same setup as Molniya-M.
    • L = (1970) Test LK lunar lander in LEO.
    • M = (1971) Originally built for military crewed Soyuz 7K-VI but launched Zenit-4MT sats. Probably same as Soyuz-U.
    • U = (1973) Optionally uses Ikar or Fregat upper stage. 765 successful launches.
    • U2 = (1982) uses Syntin fuel instead of RP-1.
    • FG = (2001) optionally uses Fregat upper stage. Fairings S (3.715); ST (4.110).
  • Soyuz 14A14 2.1a/b/v (2004+). a/b modified Soyuz-U aka ST-A / ST-B when using ST fairings. V is light version without LFBs.

Kosmos

Derived from R-12 and R-14 missiles

  • Kosmos-2I (R-12 1961-65) - First variant
  • Kosmos-1 (R-14 1964-65) - Interim prototype replaced by Kosmos-3
  • Kosmos-2M (R-12 1965-67) - Modernised 2I
  • Kosmos-3/3M (R-14 1966-2010)

Proton

Formally designated the UR-500 (Universal Rocket 500) and renamed Proton from association with regular payload of Proton earth observation satellites.

  • Proton 2-Stage (1965)
  • Proton-K (Salyut, Mir & ISS modules)
  • Proton-K Blok-D (Zond, Lunar 15 1969, Luna 17 1970) uses Blok-D upper stage
  • Proton-K Blok-DM (1974) uses Blok-DM upper stage
  • Proton-M (2001) improved Proton-K
  • Proton-M Briz-M uses Briz-M upper stage

Tsyklon

Soviet military Kosmos satellite launcher derived from R-36 ICBM, now Ukrainian LV.

  • Tsyklon (1967) S1 1x RD-251; S2 1x RD-252
  • Tsyklon-2 (1977) aka -M, S3 1x RD-861
  • Tsyklon-3 (1977) S1 1x RD-261; S2 1x RD-262; S3 RD-861 Restartable
  • Tsyklon-4 (In Dev) adds RD-855 Vernier to S1 & S2, bigger fairing etc

N-1

Soviet counterpart to US Saturn V designed for crewed moon landings. 3 stage rocket carrying the L3 lunar payload to LEO including Soyuz 7K-LOK CM and LK Lander. One stage for TLI; second stage for mid-course correction, LOI & de-orbit. N1F concept used uprated engines.

  • N-1 (N1-L3 1969) S1 Block A; S2 Block B; S3 Block V; LK Lunar Lander (Block G; LOK Spacecraft (Block D)
    • S1: Block A 30x NK-15
    • S2: Block B 8x NK-15V (NK-43 on N1F)
    • S3: Block V 4x NK-21 (NK-31 on N1F)
    • S4: Block G 1x NK-19

Zenit

LFB for Energia also standalone medium lift launcher.

  • Zenit-2 (1985) S1 1x RD-171; S2 1x RD-120, 1x RD-8
  • Zenit 2M (2SLB Commercial) (2007) Upgraded control system and engines.
  • Zenit 3M (3SLB Commercial) (2008) 2M with Block-DM upper stage.
  • Zenit-3F (2SB/Fregat) (2011) 2M with Fregat upper stage.
  • Zenit-3SL US Sea Launch Consortium. Uses Block DM-SL upper stage.

Energia

Followed cancellation of N-1.

  • Energia (K-1 / SL-17) S1 4x RD-0120; 4x Zenit LFB (RD-170)
    • Energia Polyus (1987) Polyus orbital weapons platform using a re-purposed "Zarya" FGB as an upper stage. Successful lithobraking test.
    • Energia Buran (1988) One successful launch of an uncrewed Buran shuttle.
    • Energia M Concept (1993). S1 1x RD-0120, 2x LFB. Designed to replace Proton, lost to Angara.
    • Energia II (Uragan) Concept. Fully reusable with wings on everything.
    • Vulkan-Hercules Concept. S1 4x RD-0120 8x LFB; S2 Energia-M Core.

UR-100

UR-100N ICBM (NATO designation SS-19 Stiletto) derived SLV.

  • Rokot (UR-100N 1990-)S1 3x RD-0233 1x RD-0234; S2 1x RD-0235 1x RD-0236; S3 Briz-KM
  • Strela (UR-100NU 2013-). S3 APB (1x RD-0237). Silo launched.

Start

RT-2PM Topol ICBM derived all-SRM LV

  • Start-1 (1993) S1 1x MIHT-1 S2 1x MIHT-2 S3 1x MIHT-3 S4 1x MIHT-4 S5 Optional PBS.
  • Start (1995) adds second MIHT-2

R-36

  • Dnepr (Ukr 1999) R-36M ICBM derived SLV. S1 1x RD-264 cluster (4x RD-263); S2 1x RD-0255; S3 1x RD-864

Angara

Fully Russian-built SLV for payloads to LEO. URM = Universal Rocket Module.

  • Angara 1.2 Single core with Blok-I upper stage
  • Angara A5 (2014) S1 1x Core 4xLFB URM-1 (RD-191); S2 1x URM-2 (RD-0124A); S3 (1x RD-191); Optional S4 Briz-M / KVTK.
  • A3/A7/100 Various proposals with 2 LFB (A3); enlarged KVTK-A7 upper stage (A7); RD-170 LFB + RD-180 Core + RD-0122 Upper Stage (100)

Other Concepts

  • UR-700 Concept for LK-1 direct ascent lunar mission
  • MAKS - Air-launched shuttle concept (1988-91)
  • Kliper - RSC Energia's re-usable crewed spacecraft concept (2006)

Upper Stages

  • Blok-E (R-7 Luna 8K72)
  • Blok-I (Molniya, Angara) RD-0110
  • Blok-L (Molniya-M)
  • Blok-2BL (Molniya-M)
  • Blok-ML (Molniya-M)
  • Blok-SO-L (Molniya-M)
  • Blok-D, DM (Proton-K)
  • Blok-DM (Zenit 3M)
  • Briz-M (Proton-M, Angara)
  • Briz-KM (UR100 Rokot, Angara)
  • Ikar (Soyuz-U)
  • Fregat (Soyuz-FG, Zenit)
  • KVTK (Angara) (In Dev)