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Table of Contents




Syntax

Math markup goes inside

 
<math>
... </math> The edit toolbar has a button for this. To number equations, write
 :&lt;math&gt; \label{label} 
 ...
 &lt;/math&gt;

and refer as \eqref{label}. For example,

<math> \label{label}
x^7 </math> is Eq.\eqref{label}.

Functions, symbols, special characters

Accents/Diacritics

\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a} <math>\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}\,\!</math>
\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a} <math>\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}\,\!</math>

Standard functions

\sin a \cos b \tan c \cot d \sec e \csc f \arcsin k \arccos l <math>\sin a \cos b \tan c \cot d \sec e \csc f \arcsin k \arccos l\,\!</math>
\arctan m \sinh g \cosh h \tanh i \coth j \operatorname{sh}g \operatorname{argsh}k \operatorname{ch}h <math>\arctan m \sinh g \cosh h \tanh i \coth j \operatorname{sh}g \operatorname{argsh}k \operatorname{ch}h\,\!</math>
\operatorname{argch}l \ \operatorname{th}i \ \operatorname{argth}m \ \lim n \limsup o \liminf p \min q \max r <math>\operatorname{argch}l \ \operatorname{th}i \ \operatorname{argth}m \lim n \limsup o \liminf p \min q \max r\,\!</math>
\inf s \sup t \exp u \ln v \lg w \log x \log_{10} y \ker x <math>\inf s \sup t \exp u \ln v \lg w \log x \log_{10} y \ker x\,\!</math>
\deg x \gcd x \Pr x \det x \hom x \arg x \dim x <math>\deg x \gcd x \Pr x \det x \hom x \arg x \dim x\,\!</math>

Modular arithmetic

s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} a \bmod b <math>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} a \bmod b\,\!</math>

Derivatives

\nabla \partial x dx \dot x \ddot y <math>\nabla \partial x dx \dot x \ddot y\,\!</math>

Sets

\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing <math>\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing\,\!</math>
\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq <math>\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq\,\!</math>
\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus <math>\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus\,\!</math>
\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup <math>\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup\,\!</math>

Operators

+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - <math>+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - \,\!</math>
\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot <math>\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot\,\!</math>
\star * / \div \frac{1}{2} <math>\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}\,\!</math>

Logic

\land \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p <math>\land \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p\,\!</math>
\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And <math>\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And\,\!</math>

Root

\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x} <math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}\,\!</math>

Relations

\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= <math>\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot=</math>
\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto <math>\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto\,\!</math>

Geometric

\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ <math>\Diamond \, \Box \, \triangle \, \angle \perp \, \mid \; \nmid \, \| 45^\circ\,\!</math>

Arrows

\leftarrow \gets \rightarrow \to \not\to \leftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow <math>\leftarrow \gets \rightarrow \to \not\to \leftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow\,\!</math>
\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow <math>\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow\,\!</math>
\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft <math>\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft\,\!</math>
\upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \Leftarrow \Rightarrow \Leftrightarrow \Longleftarrow <math>\upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \Leftarrow \Rightarrow \Leftrightarrow \Longleftarrow\,\!</math>

Special

\eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots <math>\eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots\,\!</math>
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top <math>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top\,\!</math>
\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar <math>\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar\,\!</math>
\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement \diamondsuit <math>\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement \diamondsuit\,\!</math>
\heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp <math>\heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp\,\!</math>

Subscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
HTML PNG
Superscript a^2 <math>a^2</math> <math>a^2 \,\!</math>
Subscript a_2 <math>a_2</math> <math>a_2 \,\!</math>
Grouping a^{2+2} <math>a^{2+2}</math> <math>a^{2+2}\,\!</math>
a_{i,j} <math>a_{i,j}</math> <math>a_{i,j}\,\!</math>
Combining sub & super x_2^3 <math>x_2^3</math>
{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4 <math>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</math>
Stacking \stackrel{\alpha}{\omega} <math>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
Derivative (forced PNG) x', y'', f', f''\!   <math>x', y, f', f\!</math>
Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML) x', y'', f', f'' <math>x', y, f', f</math> <math>x', y, f', f\!</math>
Derivative (wrong in HTML) x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime} <math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</math> <math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}\,\!</math>
Derivative (wrong in PNG) x\prime, y\prime\prime <math>x\prime, y\prime\prime</math> <math>x\prime, y\prime\prime\,\!</math>
Derivative dots \dot{x}, \ddot{x} <math>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</math>
Underlines, overlines, vectors \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c <math>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</math>
\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f} <math>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</math>
\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l} <math>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</math>
Overbraces \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050} <math>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</math>
Underbraces \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26} <math>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</math>
Sum \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 <math>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
Sum (force \textstyle) \textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 <math>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
Product \prod_{i=1}^N x_i <math>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
Product (force \textstyle) \textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i <math>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
Coproduct \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i <math>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
Coproduct (force \textstyle) \textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i <math>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
Limit \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n <math>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
Limit (force \textstyle) \textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n <math>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
Integral \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
Integral (force \textstyle) \textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx <math>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
Double integral \iint_{D}^{W} \, dx\,dy <math>\iint_{D}^{W} \, dx\,dy</math>
Triple integral \iiint_{E}^{V} \, dx\,dy\,dz <math>\iiint_{E}^{V} \, dx\,dy\,dz</math>
Quadruple integral \iiiint_{F}^{U} \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt <math>\iiiint_{F}^{U} \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</math>
Path integral \oint_{C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy <math>\oint_{C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
Intersections \bigcap_1^{n} p <math>\bigcap_1^{n} p</math>
Unions \bigcup_1^{k} p <math>\bigcup_1^{k} p</math>

Fractions, matrices, multilines

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Fractions \frac{2}{4}=0.5 <math>\frac{2}{4}=0.5</math>
Large (nestled) Fractions \cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a <math>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a</math>
Matrices
\begin{matrix}
  x & y \\
  z & v 
\end{matrix}
<math>\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}</math>
\begin{vmatrix}
  x & y \\
  z & v 
\end{vmatrix}
<math>\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}</math>
\begin{Vmatrix}
  x & y \\
  z & v
\end{Vmatrix}
<math>\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}</math>
\begin{bmatrix}
  0      & \cdots & 0      \\
  \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 
  0      & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix}
<math>\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0\end{bmatrix} </math>
\begin{Bmatrix}
  x & y \\
  z & v
\end{Bmatrix}
<math>\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}</math>
\begin{pmatrix}
  x & y \\
  z & v 
\end{pmatrix}
<math>\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}</math>
Case distinctions
f(n) = 
\begin{cases} 
  n/2,  & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
  3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} 
\end{cases}
<math>f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases} </math>
Multiline equations (must define number of colums used ({lcr}) (should not be used unless needed)
\begin{array}{lcl}
 f(n+1) & = & (n+1)^2     \\
        & = & n^2 + 2n + 1 
\end{array}
<math>\begin{array}{lll} f(n+1) & = & (n+1)^2 \\ & = & n^2 + 2n + 1 \end{array}</math>
Multiline equations (more)
\begin{array}{lcr}
  f(x)   & = & x^2 + 2x + 1 \\
  f(n+1) & = & (n+1)^2 + 2(n+1) + 1     
\end{array}
<math>\begin{array}{lcr} f(x) & = & x^2 + 2x + 1 \\ f(n+1) & = & (n+1)^2 + 2(n+1) + 1 \end{array}</math>
Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary
<math>f(x) \,\!</math>
<math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math>
<math>= a_0 + a_1 x + a_2 x^2 + a_3 x^3 + \cdots</math>

<math>f(x) \,\!</math><math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math><math>= a_0 + a_1 x + a_2 x^2 + a_3 x^3 + \cdots</math>
Simultaneous equations
\begin{cases}
    3 x + 5 y +   z \\
    7 x - 2 y + 4 z \\
   -6 x + 3 y + 2 z 
\end{cases}
<math>\begin{cases} 3 x + 5 y + z \\ 7 x - 2 y + 4 z \\ -6 x + 3 y + 2 z \end{cases}</math>

Alphabets and typefaces

Greek alphabet
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta
<math>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \,\!</math>
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu
<math>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \,\!</math>
\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau
<math>\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau\,\!</math>
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega
<math>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega \,\!</math>
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta
<math>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \,\!</math>
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu
<math>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \,\!</math>
\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau
<math>\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau \,\!</math>
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega
<math>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \,\!</math>
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa
<math>\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa \,\!</math>
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi
<math>\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi\,\!</math>
Blackboard Bold/Scripts
\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}
<math>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} \,\!</math>
\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}
<math>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} \,\!</math>
\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}
<math>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} \,\!</math>
\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}
<math>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}\,\!</math>
boldface (vectors)
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}
<math>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} \,\!</math>
\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}
<math>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} \,\!</math>
\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}
<math>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} \,\!</math>
\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}
<math>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} \,\!</math>
\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}
<math>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} \,\!</math>
\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}
<math>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} \,\!</math>
\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}
<math>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} \,\!</math>
\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}
<math>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} \,\!</math>
\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}
<math>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} \,\!</math>
\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}
<math>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}\,\!</math>
Boldface (greek)
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}
<math>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} \,\!</math>
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}
<math>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}\,\!</math>
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}
<math>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}\,\!</math>
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}
<math>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}\,\!</math>
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}
<math>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}\,\!</math>
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}
<math>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}\,\!</math>
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}
<math>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}\,\!</math>
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}
<math>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}\,\!</math>
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}
<math>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} \,\!</math>
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}
<math>\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}\,\!</math>
Italics
\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}
<math>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} \,\!</math>
\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}
<math>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} \,\!</math>
\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}
<math>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} \,\!</math>
\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}
<math>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} \,\!</math>
\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}
<math>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} \,\!</math>
\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}
<math>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} \,\!</math>
\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}
<math>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} \,\!</math>
\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}
<math>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} \,\!</math>
\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}
<math>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} \,\!</math>
\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}
<math>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}\,\!</math>
Roman typeface
\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}
<math>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} \,\!</math>
\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}
<math>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} \,\!</math>
\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}
<math>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} \,\!</math>
\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}
<math>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} \,\!</math>
\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}
<math>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}\,\!</math>
\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}
<math>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} \,\!</math>
\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}
<math>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} \,\!</math>
\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}
<math>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} \,\!</math>
\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}
<math>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} \,\!</math>
\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}
<math>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}\,\!</math>
Fraktur typeface
\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}
<math>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} \,\!</math>
\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}
<math>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} \,\!</math>
\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}
<math>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} \,\!</math>
\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}
<math>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} \,\!</math>
\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}
<math>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} \,\!</math>
\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}
<math>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} \,\!</math>
\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}
<math>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} \,\!</math>
\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}
<math>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} \,\!</math>
\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}
<math>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} \,\!</math>
\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}
<math>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}\,\!</math>
Calligraphy/Script
\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}
<math>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} \,\!</math>
\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}
<math>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} \,\!</math>
\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}
<math>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \,\!</math>
\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}
<math>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}\,\!</math>
Hebrew
\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth
<math>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth\,\!</math>
Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
non-italicised characters \mbox{abc} <math>\mbox{abc}</math> <math>\mbox{abc} \,\!</math>
mixed italics (bad) \mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}</math> <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} \,\!</math>
mixed italics (good) \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}</math> <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \,\!</math>
mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space) \mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}</math> <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} \,\!</math>

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Bad ( \frac{1}{2} ) <math>( \frac{1}{2} )</math>
Good \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) <math>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</math>

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Parentheses \left ( \frac{a}{b} \right ) <math>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</math>
Brackets \left [\frac{a}{b}] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack <math>\left [\frac{a}{b}] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</math>
Braces \left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace <math>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</math>
Angle brackets \left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle <math>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</math>
Bars and double bars \left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \| <math>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</math>
Floor and ceiling functions: \left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil <math>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</math>
Slashes and backslashes \left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash <math>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</math>
Up, down and up-down arrows \left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow <math>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</math>
Delimiters can be mixed,
as long as \left and \right match
\left [0,1]\right )
\left \langle \psi \right |
<math>\left [0,1]\right )</math>
<math>\left \langle \psi \right |</math>
Use \left. and \right. if you don't
want a delimiter to appear:
\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X <math>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</math>
Size of the delimiters \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( ... \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big] <math>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( ... \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]</math>
\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ ... \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle <math>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ ... \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</math>
\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| ... \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big| <math>\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| ... \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|</math>
\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor ... \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil <math>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor ... \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</math>
\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow ... \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow <math>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow ... \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</math>
\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow ... \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow <math>\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow ... \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow</math>
\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / ... \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash <math>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / ... \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</math>

Spacing

Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
double quad space a \qquad b <math>a \qquad b</math>
quad space a \quad b <math>a \quad b</math>
text space a\ b <math>a\ b</math>
text space without PNG conversion a \mbox{ } b <math>a \mbox{ } b</math>
large space a\;b <math>a\;b</math>
medium space a\>b [not]
small space a\,b <math>a\,b</math>
no space ab <math>ab\,</math>
small negative space a\!b <math>a\!b</math>

Align with normal text flow

Due to the default css

img.tex &amp;&#35;123&#59; vertical&amp;&#35;45&#59;align&amp;&#35;58&#59; middle&amp;&#35;59&#59; &amp;&#35;125&#59;

an inline expression like <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use &amp;lt&#59;font style&amp;&#35;61&#59;&amp;quot&#59;vertical&amp;&#35;45&#59;align&amp;&#35;58&#59;&amp;&#35;45&#59;100%&amp;&#35;59&#59;&amp;quot&#59;&amp;gt&#59;&amp;lt&#59;math&amp;gt&#59;...&amp;lt&#59;/math&amp;gt&#59;&amp;lt&#59;/font&amp;gt&#59; and play with the vertical&amp;&#35;45&#59;align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.

Color

Equations can use color:

  • &amp;&#35;123&#59;\color&amp;&#35;123&#59;Blue&amp;&#35;125&#59;x^2&amp;&#35;125&#59;+&amp;&#35;123&#59;\color&amp;&#35;123&#59;Brown&amp;&#35;125&#59;2x&amp;&#35;125&#59;&amp;&#35;45&#59;&amp;&#35;123&#59;\color&amp;&#35;123&#59;OliveGreen&amp;&#35;125&#59;1&amp;&#35;125&#59;
    <math>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{Brown}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}</math>
  • x_&amp;&#35;123&#59;1,2&amp;&#35;125&#59;&amp;&#35;61&#59;\frac&amp;&#35;123&#59;&amp;&#35;45&#59;b\pm\sqrt&amp;&#35;123&#59;\color&amp;&#35;123&#59;Red&amp;&#35;125&#59;b^2&amp;&#35;45&#59;4ac&amp;&#35;125&#59;&amp;&#35;125&#59;&amp;&#35;123&#59;2a&amp;&#35;125&#59;
    <math>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
See here for all named colours supported by LaTeX.

Note that color should not be used as the only way to identify something because color blind people may not be able to distinguish between the two colors.

Examples

Quadratic Polynomial

<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math> <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>

Quadratic Formula

<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math> <math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

Tall Parentheses and Fractions

<math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math> <math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math> <math>S_{new} = S_{old} + \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math> <math>S_{new} = S_{old} + \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>

Integrals

<math>\int_a^x \int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math> <math>\int_a^x \int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>

Summation

<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math> <math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n} {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>

Differential Equation

<math>u + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math> <math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>

Complex numbers

<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)\,</math> <math>|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)\,</math>

Limits

<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)\,</math> <math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)\,</math>

Integral Equation

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R} \frac{\partial}{\partial R}\left[R^2\frac{\partial]\,dR</math> <math>\phi_n(\kappa) = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R} \frac{\partial}{\partial R}\left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>

Example

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}\,</math> <math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}\,</math>

Continuation and cases

<math>f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\ \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & 0 < x \le 1\end{cases}</math> <math>f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\ \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & 0 < x\le 1\end{cases}</math>

Prefixed subscript

<math>{}_pF_q(a_1,...,a_p;c_1,...,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}\,</math> <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,...,a_p;c_1,...,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdot\cdot\cdot(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}\,</math>

Acknowledgement

This page was modified from Wikipedia help page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula

Bug reports

Please, report bugs to the editor-in-chief.

External links

  • A LaTeX tutorial. http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/
  • A PDF document introducing TeX -- see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things: http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/gentle.pdf
  • A PDF document introducing LaTeX -- skip to page 59 for the math section. See page 72 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX. http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf
  • TeX reference card: http://www.csit.fsu.edu/docs/tex/tex-refcard-letter.pdf
  • http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html
  • A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps: http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html
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