Heightmap

Height`` ``Maps`` ``are`` ``Texture`` ``Map`` ``size`` ``/`` ``8`` ``+`` ``1`` ``pixel.`` ``In`` ``other`` ``words,`` ``if`` ``your`` ``texture`` ``map`` ``is`` ``8192x8192`` ``(16x16),`` ``8192`` ``/`` ``8`` ``+`` ``1`` ``=`` ``1025x1025

You will need a good image editing program to make heightmaps. Many of the aforementioned terrain generation programs will also generate heightmaps as well, but you can draw them by hand. They can be either 8bit or 16bit greyscale PNG. If you have photoshop or the gimp, you can use these programs to help you create your heightmap.

Here is an example of a 16bit heightmap:

Heightmaps work upon the idea of height according to color values. Black is the lowest, white is the heighest. In spring mapping, the waterline is defined by a negative height value. In other words, you define the heights of the map,  anything below 0 is under water. So on this heightmap, you might use -50 for the lowest value and 300 for the highest height value. The aforementioned tool "Mapconv Gui (a.k.a Das Bruce's MapConv Gui) has a waterline calculator that will help you calculate the correct waterline for your map.