Inner classes and its types - ayushmathur94/DirectQuesAns_Prep GitHub Wiki
- Inner classes in Java are the classes that are defined inside the scope of another class or interface. Inner classes are also called nested classes. Java inner class can be declared private, public, protected, or with default access whereas an outer class can have only public or default access.
- Any non-static nested class is known as inner class in java. Java inner class is associated with the object of the class and they can access all the variables and methods of the outer class.
- Since inner classes are associated with the instance, we can’t have any static variables in them.
- The object of java inner class are part of the outer class object and to create an instance of the inner class, we first need to create an instance of outer class.
OuterClass outerObject = new OuterClass(); OuterClass.InnerClass innerObject = outerObject.new InnerClass();
- If the nested class is static, then it’s called a static nested class. Static nested classes can access only static members of the outer class.
- If you declare the inner class to be static, then you can access the class without having to create an object of the outer class.
A static class object can be created with the following statement.
OuterClass.StaticNestedClass nestedObject =
new OuterClass.StaticNestedClass();
- One thing to remember that even though we can have nested static classes, we cannot have methods that are static inside the nested classes. Because all the methods of the nested class are implicitly connected to the object of its outer enclosing class. Hence they cannot declare any static methods for themselves.
This helps in easy documentation and better maintenance of the code.
If a class is defined in a method body, it’s known as local inner class.
Since the local inner class is not associated with Object, we can’t use private, public or protected access modifiers with it. The only allowed modifiers are abstract or final.
A local inner class can access all the members of the enclosing class and local final variables in the scope it’s defined. Additionally, it can also access a non-final local variable of the method in which it is defined, but it cannot modify them. So if you try to print non-final local variable’s value it will be allowed but if you try to change its value from inside method local inner class, you will get compile time Error.
Local inner class can be defined as:
package com.journaldev.innerclasses;
public class MainClass {
private String s_main_class;
public void print() {
String s_print_method = "";
// local inner class inside the method
class Logger {
// able to access enclosing class variables
String name = s_main_class;
// able to access non-final method variables
String name1 = s_print_method;
public void foo() {
String name1 = s_print_method;
// Below code will throw compile time error:
// Local variable s_print_method defined in an enclosing scope must be final or effectively final
// s_print_method= ":";
}
}
// instantiate local inner class in the method to use
Logger logger = new Logger();
}
}
We can define a local inner class inside any block too, such as static block, if-else block etc. However, in this case, the scope of the class will be very limited.
public class MainClass {
static {
class Foo {
}
Foo f = new Foo();
}
public void bar() {
if(1 < 2) {
class Test {
}
Test t1 = new Test();
}
// Below will throw error because of the scope of the class
//Test t = new Test();
//Foo f = new Foo();
}
}
A local inner class without name is known as anonymous inner class. An anonymous class is defined and instantiated in a single statement.
Anonymous inner class always extend a class or implement an interface. Since an anonymous class has no name, it is not possible to define a constructor for an anonymous class.
Anonymous inner classes are accessible only at the point where it is defined. It's a bit hard to define how to create an anonymous inner class, we will see it's real-time usage in the test program below.
Here is a java class showing how to define java inner class, static nested class, local inner class, and an anonymous inner class.
OuterClass.java
package com.journaldev.nested;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FilenameFilter;
public class OuterClass {
private static String name = "OuterClass";
private int i;
protected int j;
int k;
public int l;
//OuterClass constructor
public OuterClass(int i, int j, int k, int l) {
this.i = i;
this.j = j;
this.k = k;
this.l = l;
}
public int getI() {
return this.i;
}
//static nested class, can access OuterClass static variables/methods
static class StaticNestedClass {
private int a;
protected int b;
int c;
public int d;
public int getA() {
return this.a;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
}
//inner class, non-static and can access all the variables/methods of the outer class
class InnerClass {
private int w;
protected int x;
int y;
public int z;
public int getW() {
return this.w;
}
public void setValues() {
this.w = i;
this.x = j;
this.y = k;
this.z = l;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "w=" + w + ":x=" + x + ":y=" + y + ":z=" + z;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
}
//local inner class
public void print(String initial) {
//local inner class inside the method
class Logger {
String name;
public Logger(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void log(String str) {
System.out.println(this.name + ": " + str);
}
}
Logger logger = new Logger(initial);
logger.log(name);
logger.log("" + this.i);
logger.log("" + this.j);
logger.log("" + this.k);
logger.log("" + this.l);
}
//anonymous inner class
public String[] getFilesInDir(String dir, final String ext) {
File file = new File(dir);
//anonymous inner class implementing FilenameFilter interface
String[] filesList = file.list(new FilenameFilter() {
@Override
public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
return name.endsWith(ext);
}
});
return filesList;
}
}
Here is the test program showing how to instantiate and use the inner class in java.
InnerClassTest.java
package com.journaldev.nested;
import java.util.Arrays;
//nested classes can be used in import for easy instantiation
import com.journaldev.nested.OuterClass.InnerClass;
import com.journaldev.nested.OuterClass.StaticNestedClass;
public class InnerClassTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
OuterClass outer = new OuterClass(1,2,3,4);
//static nested classes example
StaticNestedClass staticNestedClass = new StaticNestedClass();
StaticNestedClass staticNestedClass1 = new StaticNestedClass();
System.out.println(staticNestedClass.getName());
staticNestedClass.d=10;
System.out.println(staticNestedClass.d);
System.out.println(staticNestedClass1.d);
//inner class example
InnerClass innerClass = outer.new InnerClass();
System.out.println(innerClass.getName());
System.out.println(innerClass);
innerClass.setValues();
System.out.println(innerClass);
//calling method using local inner class
outer.print("Outer");
//calling method using anonymous inner class
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(outer.getFilesInDir("src/com/journaldev/nested", ".java")));
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(outer.getFilesInDir("bin/com/journaldev/nested", ".class")));
}
}
Here is the output of the above java inner class example program.
OuterClass 10 0 OuterClass w=0:x=0:y=0:z=0 w=1:x=2:y=3:z=4 Outer: OuterClass Outer: 1 Outer: 2 Outer: 3 Outer: 4 [NestedClassTest.java, OuterClass.java] [NestedClassTest.class, OuterClass$1.class, OuterClass$1Logger.class, OuterClass$InnerClass.class, OuterClass$StaticNestedClass.class, OuterClass.class]
Notice that when OuterClass is compiled, separate class files are created for the inner class, local inner class, and static nested class.
- If a class is useful to only one class, it makes sense to keep it nested and together. It helps in the packaging of the classes.
- Java inner classes implements encapsulation. Note that inner classes can access outer class private members and at the same time we can hide inner class from outer world.
- Keeping the small class within top-level classes places the code closer to where it is used and makes the code more readable and maintainable.