python selenium使用方法笔记(下) - ZhouXuyan/notes GitHub Wiki
selenium提供如下方法定位一个页面中的元素:
find_element_by_id
find_element_by_name
find_element_by_xpath
find_element_by_link_text
find_element_by_partial_link_text
find_element_by_tag_name
find_element_by_class_name
find_element_by_css_selector
寻找多个元素的方法(返回一个列表):
find_elements_by_name
find_elements_by_xpath
find_elements_by_link_text
find_elements_by_partial_link_text
find_elements_by_tag_name
find_elements_by_class_name
find_elements_by_css_selector
除了以上方法,还有两种方法备用:
find_element
find_elements
#参数为:
ID = "id"
XPATH = "xpath"
LINK_TEXT = "link text"
PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT = "partial link text"
NAME = "name"
TAG_NAME = "tag name"
CLASS_NAME = "class name"
CSS_SELECTOR = "css selector"
使用方法:
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[text()="Some text"]')
driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//button')
会返回第一个id匹配的元素。如果没有,就报错NoSuchElementException
login_form = driver.find_element_by_id('loginForm')
login_form = driver.find_element_by_xpath("/html/body/form[1]")
login_form = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[1]")
login_form = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//form[@id='loginForm']")
<body>
<p>Are you sure you want to do this?</p>
<a href="continue.html">Continue</a>
<a href="cancel.html">Cancel</a>
</body>
有如下两种方法:
continue_link = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Continue')
continue_link = driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Conti')
<html>
<body>
<h1>Welcome</h1>
<p>Site content goes here.</p>
</body>
<html>
方法:
heading1 = driver.find_element_by_tag_name('h1')
<html>
<body>
<p class="content">Site content goes here.</p>
</body>
<html>
方法:
content = driver.find_element_by_class_name('content')
<html>
<body>
<p class="content">Site content goes here.</p>
</body>
<html>
方法:
content = driver.find_element_by_css_selector('p.content')
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//button[text()="Some text"]')
driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//button')
现在很多web app使用了AJAX技术,导致浏览器在加载某个指定页面时,元素加载是有时间间隔的,这就导致如果调用这个方法时这一个元素还没加载出来,就会报错ElementNotVisibleException 。这时候就可以使用等待了。
一般来讲,selenium中可以用到三种等待方法:
最简单的方法就,其实就是time.sleep()方法,略去不表。
跟强制等待很像,不智能。
from selenium import webdriver
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
#等待10秒,最长30秒
selenium.webdriver.support.ui 中的wait模块的 WebDriverWait()方法,配合until或者until_not方法,再辅助以selenium.webdriver.support中的expected_conditions,就可以构成一条等待命令。 以下代码,在抛出TimeoutException 错误之前会等待十秒。WebDriverWait默认每秒调用ExpectedCondition 50000次直到成功返回。
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading")
try:
element = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "myDynamicElement"))
)
finally:
driver.quit()
ExpectedCondition包含如下预期情况:
title_is
title_contains
presence_of_element_located
visibility_of_element_located
visibility_of
presence_of_all_elements_located
text_to_be_present_in_element
text_to_be_present_in_element_value
frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it
invisibility_of_element_located
element_to_be_clickable
staleness_of
element_to_be_selected
element_located_to_be_selected
element_selection_state_to_be
element_located_selection_state_to_be
alert_is_present
注:如果以上所有情况都不满足,就自己diy一个情况:
新建类,然后写一个__call__方法。 情况不满足时返回False。 例:
class element_has_css_class(object):
"""An expectation for checking that an element has a particular css class.
locator - used to find the element
returns the WebElement once it has the particular css class
"""
def __init__(self, locator, css_class):
self.locator = locator
self.css_class = css_class
def __call__(self, driver):
element = driver.find_element(*self.locator) # Finding the referenced element
if self.css_class in element.get_attribute("class"):
return element
else:
return False
# Wait until an element with id='myNewInput' has class 'myCSSClass'
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
element = wait.until(element_has_css_class((By.ID, 'myNewInput'), "myCSSClass"))
-
抽象出来一个BasePage基类,它包含一个指向Selenium.webdriver的属性
-
每一个webpage都继承自BasePage基类,通过driver来获取本页面的元素,每个页面的操作都抽象为一个个方法
-
TestCase继承自unittest.Testcase类,并依赖相应的Page类来实现相应的test case步骤
使用页面对象的优势:
-
创造可复用的代码,可以在多个测试用例上运行
-
减少重复代码
-
如果ui改变,只需要更改一处代码即可
https://seleniumhq.github.io/selenium/docs/api/py/api.html
或: