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Lithium-Ion Battery LIB

Without lithium-ion batteries, LIB for short, which belong to the metal-ion batteries, the success of electromobility and portable electrical devices would be unthinkable. They have had the highest growth rates in the global battery market for years.

Structure of the LIB

No battery type is as diverse as lithium-ion batteries. There are dozens of electrode materials with different properties. Depending on which one is combined as anode and cathode, batteries result that are better or worse suited for different applications. It is therefore important to classify the type precisely when talking about a lithium-ion battery. Thus, it is informative to mention the cathode and anode material - such as NMC Grafit or LFP-LTO - and other special components - for example, if a solid-state electrolyte is used instead of a liquid electrolyte.

Electrolyte

Because lithium reacts violently with water, anhydrous lithium salts (usually LiPF6) in organic solvents are usually used as an electrolyte. Additives are also often added to it to improve certain properties - for example, to wet the electrode better with the electrolyte.

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Cathode materials

LIB-cathodes consist of a current conductor (usually aluminum foils) on which an active material is deposited, in which the current and the lithium ions can be stored. Various of these Cathode-materials are described here.

Anode materials

LIB-anodes consist of a current conductor (typically copper foils) on which an active material is deposited, in which the current is stored. Various of these anodes-for-lithium-ion-batteries.

Properties of The Lithium-ion Battery

For the development of batteries, the rough guiding principle is to distribute more and more energy in less space and with less weight. No element meets this requirement better than lithium: It has the most negative normal potential of -3.05 V against hydrogen, which makes it the most "electrochemically active" of all metals. It has the lowest atomic mass of all metals and a low density of 0.534 g/cm3.

LIBs have higher energy densities (about 170 to 300 Wh/L) and lifetimes, allow more flexible designs than other common batteries, and their nominal voltage of 3.6 V is three times that of a nickel-metal hydride battery. Moreover, unlike nickel-cadmium batteries, they do not show any significant memory effect, the loss of capacity caused by frequent partial discharges. For these reasons, they now dominate the market for use in mobile devices.