How do you convert a single octet within an IP address to binary?

Create a table of the power of 2's (128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1) then do the math of what numbers in the table fit into the ip address. If it fits into it, you put a 1, if it doesnt, you put a 0.

How do you find the network and host ID within an IP address?

For network ID, you start with 0 and increase by the number of usable hosts. For host ID, you start with +1 increasing by the number of usable hosts as well.

How do you create a subnet ID within an IP address?

For subnet ID, once you know how many subnets you need, you can find the corresponding host ID and subnet mask.