2.Theoretical Background - Rutujakage1/DC-Voltage-Adapter GitHub Wiki

Voltage Adapter Circuit:

The small AC to DC Voltage Converter uses step-down converters which convert the high voltage into low voltage. 230V AC is converted into 12V AC using a step-down transformer. Four diodes are used to make one bridge rectifier to transfer AC power to DC power. The output of the diode bridge is a DC consisting of ripples also called as pulsating DC. This pulsating DC can be filtered using a capacitor. DC voltage can be stepped down to 10V DC using a DC step-down converter called as voltage regulator IC7805. Other required DC voltage values are obtained by just adding appropriate resistors to the circuit by using voltage divider technique.

Short Circuit Protection:

Short-circuit is unintended connection between two terminals which are supplying power to the load. A common example of short-circuit is when positive and negative terminal of a battery are connected together with a low-resistance conductor, like a wire. In this condition, battery can set to fire and can even explode. To avoid this short circuit condition, Short-circuit Protection Circuit is used. Short-circuit Protection Circuit will divert the flow of current or break the contact between the circuit and the power source.