Notes on: Setting up a Raspberry Pi Raspbian - RichardChambers/raspberrypi GitHub Wiki
Notes on Setting up a Raspberry Pi - Raspbian
NOOBS
Raspbian is a Linux so much of the standard Linux applications are available for the Raspberry Pi.
Using NOOBS to set up a Raspberry Pi is very straightforward. With Windows 10 and a multi-card reader using a new microSD card. I downloaded the latest version of NOOBS, an easy to use operating system installer. NOOBS will have Raspbian and one or two more OS images which will be visible when you boot with the new microSD card. However if at the time of operating system install with NOOBS you first have an Ethernet connection to the Pi or if after NOOBS starts up, you configure the WiFi for an internet connection, NOOBS will pull a list of available operating systems from the internet as well. This list includes a number of Linux variants as well as Windows 10 IoT.
Notes about SD cards
See these articles about the microsSD card and various notes about how to extend the life of the card.
RPi SD cards https://elinux.org/RPi_SD_cards
What are the best SD cards to use in a Raspberry Pi? https://reprage.com/post/what-are-the-best-sd-cards-to-use-in-a-raspberry-pi
How can I extend the life of my SD card? https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/169/how-can-i-extend-the-life-of-my-sd-card
microSD Card Benchmarks (list of fast cards) http://www.pidramble.com/wiki/benchmarks/microsd-cards
Some applications and updates that makes life easier
Due to wear and tear on the microSD card, you want to make sure that permanent data and information is stored on some other media. A self powered external drive connected via USB is a good option. For a large drive that is also readable with Windows, you will need the NTFS file storage functionality.
See https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/33625/raspberry-pi-and-read-write-on-ntfs-with-raspbian-5-5-2015 which describes using sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g to retrieve and install the NTFS file system drivers.
If you are using remote access such as SSH or VNC to a Windows PC then it can be helpful to have the Raspberry Pi discoverable over the LAN by using its hostname. This is where samba comes in.
SAMBA: SET UP A RASPBERRY PI AS A FILE SERVER FOR YOUR LOCAL NETWORK
https://www.raspberrypi.org/magpi/samba-file-server/
How-To: Share a folder with a Windows computer from a Raspberry Pi
https://raspberrypihq.com/how-to-share-a-folder-with-a-windows-computer-from-a-raspberry-pi/
How to access a Public folder on a Windows PC from a Raspberry Pi.
https://www.bitpi.co/2015/02/16/accessing-a-windows-share-with-a-raspberry-pi/