Literature Research - RecklessPotcover/DECO3500-Project GitHub Wiki

Summary:

This page shows all the articles we found for literature research which was set to gain background knowledge to build up our design concept.

Part 1: Domain Research

Article 1-1:

Inability to get up after falling, subsequent time on the floor, and summoning help: a prospective cohort study in people over 90

Reference:

Fleming, J., & Brayne, C. (2008). Inability to get up after falling, subsequent time on the floor, and summoning help: a prospective cohort study in people over 90. BMJ, 337(7681), 27–1282. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2227

Abstract:

Objectives: To describe the incidence and extent of lying on the floor for a long time after being unable to get up from a fall among people aged over 90; to explore their use of call alarm systems in these circumstances. Design 1-year follow-up of participants in a prospective cohort study of ageing, using fall calendars, phone calls, and visits. Setting Participants’ usual place of residence (own homes or care homes), mostly in Cambridge. Participants 90 women and 20 men aged over 90 (n=110), surviving participants of the Cambridge City over-75s Cohort, a population-based sample. The main outcome measures Inability to get up without help, lying on the floor for a long time after falling, associated factors; availability and use of call alarm systems; participants’ views on using call alarms to summon help if needed after falling. Results In one year’s intensive follow-up, 54% (144/265) of fall reports described the participant as being found on the floor and 82% (217/265) of falls occurred when the person was alone. Of the 60% who fell, 80% (53/66) were unable to get up after at least one fall and 30% (20/66) had lain on the floor for an hour or more. Difficulty in getting up was consistently associated with age, reported mobility, and severe cognitive impairment. Cognition was the only characteristic that predicted lying on the floor for a long time. Lying on the floor for a long time was strongly associated with serious injuries, admission to hospital, and subsequent moves into long term care. Call alarms were widely available but were not used in most cases of falls that led to lying on the floor for a long time. Comments from older people and carers showed the complexity of issues around the use of call alarms, including perceptions of irrelevance, concerns about independence, and practical difficulties. Conclusions Lying on the floor for a long time after falling is more common among the “oldest old” than previously thought and is associated with serious consequences. Factors indicating higher risk and comments from participants suggest practical implications. People need training in strategies to get up from the floor. Work is needed on access and activation issues for the design of call alarms and information for their effective use. Care providers need a better understanding of the perceptions of older people to provide acceptable support services.

Critique:

This article provides an important direction for our design. Due to the atrophy of the elderly brain, it is difficult for the elderly to control their behaviour, which means that they are more likely to fall than younger people (Okada, R., Okada, T., Okada, A., Muramoto, H., Katsuno, M., Sobue, G., & Hamajima, N. (2012)). Studies show that a quarter of all seniors aged 65 and older fall each year. Every 11 seconds, an elderly person is brought to the emergency room because of a fall. Every 19 minutes, an elderly person dies as a result of a fall. Falls are the leading cause of fatal injuries (Kristine Joyce Ponce Ortiz and Allerick Insorio Martin. (2020)). This is due to the fact that, unlike younger people, most seniors have a hard time getting up on their own after a fall. And lying on the floor for a long time after a fall can bring physical illnesses such as fractures and intracranial hemorrhage to the elderly (Peeters, G. M. E. ., Jones, M., Byles, J., & Dobson, A. J. (2015)). What's worse, seniors will have a huge impact on their quality of life after a fall whether they are injured or not. They become afraid of falling, which can lead them to limit their activities and socialization, which leads to psychological aspects such as depression, social isolation and feelings of helplessness (Hajek, A., & König, H.-H. (2017)). This is one of the most important problems facing the elderly living alone, as it is difficult for them to seek help after a fall because they live alone. Therefore, how to provide timely assistance to the elderly living alone when they are in danger becomes a major issue to be studied. First of all, we should give more care to the elderly living alone by checking their physical and psychological condition regularly. Adequate monitoring of the elderly' lives should be carried out after getting permission from the elderly and their families. Alerting the elderly at risk through equipment and informing volunteers to go to their homes to help them. In addition, a focus is placed on the physical and mental health of the elderly who have received assistance.

Article 1-2:

Lone and lonely in a double ambivalence situation as experienced by callers while waiting for the ambulance in a rural environment

Reference:

Nord‐Ljungquist, H., Engström, Åsa, Fridlund, B., & Elmqvist, C. (2020). Lone and lonely in a double ambivalence situation as experienced by callers while waiting for the ambulance in a rural environment. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 34(3), 566–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12767

Abstract:

Background In a rural environment where distances and access to ambulance resources in people’s immediate area are limited, other responders like firefighters dispatched to perform the first aid before the ambulance arrives in areas where a longer response time exists; an assignment called ‘While Waiting for the Ambulance’ (WWFA). Knowledge is limited about the experience from a caller’s perspective when a person has a life‐threatening condition needing emergency help and both firefighters in a WWFA assignment and ambulance staff are involved. Aim The aim of the study is to describe the emergency situation involving a WWFA assignment in a rural environment from the caller's perspective. Method A descriptive design using qualitative methodology with reflective lifeworld research (RLR) approach was used for this study, including in‐depth interviews with eight callers. Results An emergency situation involving the WWFA assignment in a rural environment means a sense of being alone and lonely with a vulnerability while waiting to hand over responsibility for the affected person. Ambivalence in several dimensions arises with simultaneous and conflicting emotions. A tension between powerlessness and power of action where the throw between doubt and hope are abrupt with a simultaneous pendulum between being in chaos and in a calm. Conclusion A double ambivalence emerges between, on one hand feeling alone in the situation and having full control, on the other hand, with trust handing over the responsibility, thereby losing control. Contact with the emergency medical dispatcher becomes a saving lifeline to hold onto, and access to emergency help in the immediate area of WWFA is valuable and important. Trust and confidence are experienced when callers are met with empathy, regardless of personal acquaintance with arriving responders.

Critique:

The article is an inspiration for our domain. Due to the lack of government care and stable financial resources, many elderly people living alone have to choose to live in rural areas where transportation is not well developed and medical facilities are not adequate (Bae, S. (2020)). Coupled with the independence of the elderly living alone, when they are in danger, it is difficult for people to find them and notify rescuers in a timely manner if they are unconscious. If they are fortunate enough to be conscious and contact rescuers on their own, the lack of transportation and medical facilities in their area makes it take much longer for rescuers to arrive than in the general area. In the process of waiting for rescue, as the elderly are still conscious, they need to experience not only physical pain but also a great deal of mental suffering (Nord‐Ljungquist, H., Engström, Åsa, Fridlund, B., & Elmqvist, C. (2020)). This leads to many elderly people living alone in the process of waiting for rescue gradually collapsing, until despair. Worse than that, as the rescue time grows, the probability of the elderly having an accident also increases dramatically. Therefore, how to stop this from happening becomes a problem that we need to consider. First of all, when the elderly have an accident through our network system, we can send help signals to the surrounding area, so that we can prevent the problem of not being able to ask for help in time when the elderly living alone have an accident. Secondly, since it takes a relatively long time for rescuers to arrive at the scene, volunteers who receive the help signal will go to the elderly's home to rescue them in time when they have an accident. The volunteers will give the relative rescue methods according to the situation of the elderly and confirm the need to notify the rescuers for further examination. If needed, the volunteer will accompany the elderly until the rescuers arrive. This process can shorten the time for the elderly to be rescued.

Part 2: Volunteer Motivation Survey

Article 2-1:

Motivation of Volunteers: The Join-Stay-Leave Model

Reference:

Ramdianee, M. (2014). Motivation of volunteers: The join-stay-leave model. Third Sector Review, 20(1), 23–42.

Abstract:

This research aimed to discover why people became volunteers, what factors led them to staying involved in volunteer organisations, and what contributed to them leaving those organisations. A qualitative methodology was used to explore the lived experiences of volunteers as they participated in the various activities of an organisation. The research delivered an intuitive Join-Stay-Leave Model that can help organisations to determine what they should focus on in each of the stages of volunteering, so as to maximise the outcomes and the effectiveness of the partnership between the organisation and its volunteers.

Critique:

The article uses a system of models to explore the changes in the psychological state of volunteers as they enter, stay, and leave the volunteer organization. This provided the inspiration for our research process. For volunteers, we need to understand not only their willingness to join our volunteer group but also the purpose of their participation in the group. This is because only by understanding the purpose of their participation can we determine whether they are suitable for our organization. As a rescue organization, if the primary purpose of a volunteer joining the organization is not to provide rescue work for the elderly, then when he is doing rescue work there is a high risk that he will neglect the best time to rescue the elderly in order to achieve his purpose, thereby causing irreparable damage to the elderly and their families. At the same time, the presence of such a person can also harm our organization and make the public no longer trust us. In order to circumvent such things, the best way is to adopt the methods proposed in the literature: to find out the background of each volunteer and to understand the main purpose of each volunteer's participation in the organization; to regularly examine the changes in the psychological state of each volunteer in the organization and to observe the completion of their recent rescue activities; and to understand the changes in the psychological state of volunteers when they choose to quit the organization. At the same time, we will also get feedback from the rescued elderly and their families about the rescue work and make timely corrections.

Article 2-2:

DO MONETARY REWARDS CROWD OUT THE INTRINSIC MOTIVATION OF VOLUNTEERS? SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR ITALIAN VOLUNTEERS

Reference:

Fiorillo, D. (2011). DO MONETARY REWARDS CROWD OUT THE INTRINSIC MOTIVATION OF VOLUNTEERS? SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR ITALIAN VOLUNTEERS. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 82(2), 139–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2011.00434.x

Abstract:

The paper studies the determinants of regular volunteering, taking its cue from the previous literature on extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. Its main contribution lies in the analysis of the role of monetary rewards in influencing intrinsic motivation. It uses frameworks that allow empirical hypotheses to be made about the effects of monetary rewards, intrinsic motivation and the combined term on volunteer labour supply. With an Italy‐based survey, the paper shows, controlling for endogenous bias, that monetary payments, as well as intrinsic motivation, have roles in the real‐life decision to supply volunteer work, but monetary rewards do not crowd out intrinsic motivation.

Critique:

The article uses two original templates to test and analyze the role of monetary incentives in influencing volunteers' intrinsic motivation. It also reminds us of one of the design issues: that we need to be aware of the psychological state of the volunteers to participate in the rescue operation. Nowadays, we frequently see cases of home invasion and robbery. These robbers choose their targets before committing the crime, while the targets they choose are usually elderly people and women who live alone, as these people usually have little ability to resist (Bouhana, N., Johnson, S. D., & Porter, M. (2016)). If the selection of volunteers does not focus on the purpose of volunteers' participation in volunteer activities, the undesirable consequence of volunteers ransacking the elderly people's homes of their belongings may occur. What's worse, no one can restrict them even if they loot the elderly's home because the elderly may not be conscious during the rescue process and the rescue work provides them with the opportunity to enter the elderly's home. Some volunteers may even choose to give up rescuing the elderly to get elderly's belongings, which is undoubtedly worse for the elderly. This is an outcome we do not want to see. To deal with this problem, first of all, it is necessary to do a background investigation on each volunteer and detect the psychological state of each volunteer who participates in volunteer activities to understand their intention of participating in rescue work. Secondly, priority should be given to communicating with the neighbours around the elderly and persuading them to participate in the rescue activities. Compared to strangers, neighbours will be easier to understand and will have more contact with the elderly and understand them better (Fortier, A.-M. (2007)). The last thing is to ask the volunteers to leave the home of the elderly immediately after they finish the rescue work. In the event that the elderly lose their belongings after the rescue work, the volunteers who participated in the rescue work will be held responsible after verification.

Part 3: Survey on the willingness of the elderly

Article 3-1:

Elders' perceptions of formal and informal care: aspects of getting and receiving help for their activities of daily living

Reference:

Roe, B., Whattam, M., Young, H., & Dimond, M. (2001). Elders' perceptions of formal and informal care: aspects of getting and receiving help for their activities of daily living. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2702.2001.00484.x

Abstract:

An experiment done by Roe, Whatta, Young and Diamond shows that older men are more willing to ask and receive help from others because they are more rational in judging whether they really need help. However, old ladies are not as pleased as men because they regard receiving help as losing independence. Some of them are even afraid of losing privacy if they agree to receive help from people they are not familiar with. It is also suggested that professional operations can maintain older females’ independence.

Critique:

The article examines the response of the elderly when receiving professional care. One of the insights from this article is that we should design our work to focus on the elderly's perceptions of receiving help, such as whether they are willing to receive help, what types of people they prefer to receive help from, and what types of help they are willing to receive. These are the things we need to explore. It is because there are many reasons why elderly people choose to live alone, some of them choose to live alone because they do not want to be disturbed which we should respect their choice. Therefore, it is also important to explore the reasons why elderly people live alone. In this way, we can explore monitoring and rescue solutions that are suitable for most elderly people without disturbing their lives too much. Also, as the needs of men and women are different, exploring what the needs of the elderly of different genders are respectively is what we need to understand (Roe, B., Whattam, M., Young, H., & Dimond, M. (2001)). In order to achieve this goal, surveys and interviews with elderly people living alone and their family members were needed in the pre-design stage, with different surveys and interviews done for different genders. The purpose of the survey is to understand the perceptions of the majority of the elderly, while the interview is to further understand the needs of the elderly. The results of the survey and interviews are analyzed to develop preliminary design requirements.

Article 3-2:

Seniors' narratives of asking (and not asking) for help after a fall: implications for identity

Reference:

Miller, P. A., Sinding, C., Griffith, L. E., Shannon, H. S., & Raina, P. (2016). Seniors' narratives of asking (and not asking) for help after a fall: implications for identity. Ageing and Society, 36(2), 240–258. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X14001123

Abstract:

Falls among community-dwelling seniors constitute a major public health concern because of the potential morbidity and mortality associated with the fall. This study examined the informal care networks accessed by Canadian seniors who had visited the Emergency Department as a result of a fall and considered the implications of the processes of asking for and receiving help on the senior's identity. Four themes were identified. The first was valuing independence. The remaining three themes concerned threats to the participants' identities linked to the need to ask for or receive help from family and friends. They were: becoming indebted, feeling devalued and becoming a burden to others. Seniors were noted to excuse family members from the expectation of helping because of work and family commitments, and illness. Participants described a mutually beneficial relationship with friends wherein both parties valued their independence and provided assistance to the other when needed. Their comments suggested that assistance was viewed as a good to be traded among peers. Our findings indicate that seniors value their independence and may not seek help even when it appears to be available if asking threatens valued identities. Health and social care practitioners and policymakers responsible for planning and delivery of services should take this into account in order to ensure the best possible care for injured community-dwelling seniors.

Critique:

The article reveals that we should respect the opinions and views of the elderly living alone. Find out if the elderly living alone are willing to accept help. Due to the limitations of modern hospital technology, elderly people need painful and lengthy treatment for certain diseases (e.g. cancer). This process requires expensive treatment and has a high chance of failure, which leads to a huge financial crisis for many families who opt for treatment and may even go into debt as a result (Rodríguez-Pérez, M., Abreu-Sánchez, A., Rojas-Ocaña, M. J., & del-Pino-Casado, R. (2017)). At the same time, due to the fact that the elderly are suffering from the disease and knowing how it affects their loved ones and friends, it is possible for them to think that they are a burden and act in unexpected ways (Taylor, W. D. (2014)). Thus, there is a tendency for the elderly to choose to live alone because they do not want to be a burden to their children and diminish their value (Miller, P. A., Sinding, C., Griffith, L. E., Shannon, H. S., & Raina, P. (2016)). Therefore, we need to understand the reasons why the elderly choose to live alone through surveys and interviews, ask them about their views on the ways of assistance and understand their rescue needs. Meanwhile, We need to explore rescue options that are suitable for most of the elderly based on respecting their independence. In addition, it is necessary for us to enlighten the elderly as much as possible. For those who think they are a burden, the first step is to help them find their own value and give them more companionship to help them reacquaint themselves. Gradually change their mindset in this process. For the elderly who have received assistance, we not only pay attention to their physical condition but also care about their psychological change.

Part 4: Existing solutions

Article 4-1:

A Method for Automatic Fall Detection of Elderly People Using Floor Vibrations and Sound-Proof of Concept on Human Mimicking Doll Falls

Reference:

Zigel, Y., Litvak, D., & Gannot, I. (2009). A Method for Automatic Fall Detection of Elderly People Using Floor Vibrations and Sound-Proof of Concept on Human Mimicking Doll Falls. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 56(12), 2858–2867. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2009.2030171

Abstract:

Falls are a major risk for elderly people living independently. Rapid detection of fall events can reduce the rate of mortality and raise the chances to survive the event and return to independent living. In the last two decades, several technological solutions for the detection of falls were published, but most of them suffer from critical limitations. In this paper, we present a proof of concept to an automatic fall detection system for elderly people. The system is based on floor vibration and sound sensing and uses signal processing and pattern recognition algorithm to discriminate between fall events and other events. The classification is based on special features like shock response spectrum and Mel frequency cepstral coefficients. For the simulation of human falls, we have used a human mimicking doll: ldquoRescue Randy. The proposed solution is unique, reliable, and does not require the person to wear anything. It is designed to detect fall events in critical cases in which the person is unconscious or in a stress condition. From the preliminary research, the proposed system can detect human mimicking doll falls with a sensitivity of 97.5% and specificity of 98.6%.

Critique:

The article provides direction for our design. Falls have always been an important problem for elderly people living alone because as they age, they have difficulty controlling their behaviour, which increases their probability of falling (Okada, R., Okada, T., Okada, A., Muramoto, H., Katsuno, M., Sobue, G., & Hamajima, N. (2012)). Moreover, since elderly people living alone live alone, it is difficult to notice even if they fall. What's worse, falls can cause the elderly to suffer from physical and psychological pain (Kristine Joyce Ponce Ortiz and Allerick Insorio Martin. (2020)). Therefore, it is necessary to detect whether the elderly have fallen and the situation of fall in time. In order to detect falls, sensors can be a good choice. By detecting the vibration of the ground to determine whether the elderly fall and the degree of fall is serious or not. Furthermore, this method is good to protect the privacy of the elderly. The downside is that the farthest detection range of the sensor in the article is 5 meters, which can only detect a single floor, meaning that if you want to fully cover the entire house it will require multiple sensors. In addition, the sensor uses a simulated doll as the carrier of the sensor, by comparing the frequency of the doll when it falls and the current detected frequency to determine whether the elderly fall. The doll itself is made of plastic, which differs from the composition of our human skin, so naturally, the frequency of the vibration is not the same. This can lead to bias in the detection results. Therefore, in our design, the detection range of the sensor should be expanded, not only expand the horizontal range but the vertical range should also be expanded, the purpose of this is to ensure that a sensor is enough to cover the elderly house. Second, in order to improve the detection accuracy, we will use a structure more similar to human skin as the object of vibration comparison.

Article 4-2:

Elderly Assistance Using Wearable Sensors by Detecting Fall and Recognizing Fall Patterns

Reference:

Hussain, F., Ehatisham-ul-Haq, M., Azam, M., & Khalid, A. (2018). Elderly Assistance Using Wearable Sensors by Detecting Fall and Recognizing Fall Patterns. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Joint Conference and 2018 International Symposium on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computers, 770–777. https://doi.org/10.1145/3267305.3274129

Abstract:

Falling is a serious threat to elderly people. One severe fall can cause hazardous problems like bone fracture or may lead to some permanent disability or even death. Thus, it has become the need of the hour to continuously monitor the activities of the elderly people so that in case of fall incident they may get rescued timely. For this purpose, many fall monitoring systems have been proposed for the ubiquitous personal assistance of elderly people but most of those systems focus on the detection of fall incidents only. However, if a fall monitoring system is made capable of recognizing the way in which the fall occurs, it can better assist people in preventing or reducing future falls. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a fall monitoring system that not only detects a fall but also recognizes the pattern of the fall for elderly assistance using supervised machine learning. The proposed system effectively distinguishes between falling and non-falling activities to recognize the fall pattern with high accuracy.

Critique:

The article provides ideas for our design, in order to detect the elderly fall in various scenarios, wearable sensors are a good choice. The sensor can be used in a wider range of applications than a fixed sensor, so that a fall can be detected in time, no matter where the elderly person is in the home. Secondly, when the location of the elderly fall is at the edge of the sensor, the detection sensitivity of the edge of the sensor is not as sensitive as the centre of the sensor (Han, G.-R., & Jiang, J.-W. (2018)). This may lead to the situation that the elderly fall is not detected. The wearable sensor is always centred on the elderly, which circumvents this defect. However, the wearable sensor also has shortcomings. The sensor is aimed at the elderly, whose brains have shrunk compared to those of younger people, with studies showing that the average brain volume of a healthy person entering his or her 70s is 30 per cent less than the maximum brain volume of a young person (A causal analysis of the effect of age and sex differences on brain atrophy in the elderly brain. (2021)). This means that the memory of the elderly is much less than that of the young. It is easy to associate the elderly with forgetting to carry the sensor, then the sensor will lose its significance. For this problem, the best solution is to add a reminder function to the sensor. With the sensor as the centre, when the sensor does not detect the heat of the elderly, it means that the elderly are out of the sensor range. At this point, the sensor will emit a sound to alert the elderly. Through this method, the elderly can be reminded to carry the sensor so that the timely monitoring of the elderly fall.

Addition reference:

[1] Okada, R., Okada, T., Okada, A., Muramoto, H., Katsuno, M., Sobue, G., & Hamajima, N. (2012). Severe brain atrophy in the elderly as a risk factor for lower respiratory tract infection. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 7, 481–487. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S36289

[2] Kristine Joyce Ponce Ortiz and Allerick Insorio Martin. (2020). Fall Detection, Location and Identification for Elderly Institution. Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 31–40. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/10.1145/3441233.3441245

[3] Peeters, G. M. E. ., Jones, M., Byles, J., & Dobson, A. J. (2015). Long-term Consequences of Noninjurious and Injurious Falls on Well-being in Older Women. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 70(12), 1519–1525. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv102

[4] Hajek, A., & König, H.-H. (2017). The association of falls with loneliness and social exclusion: Evidence from the DEAS German Ageing Survey. BMC Geriatrics, 17(1), 204–204. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0602-5

[5] Bouhana, N., Johnson, S. D., & Porter, M. (2016). Consistency and specificity in burglars who commit prolific residential burglary: Testing the core assumptions underpinning behavioural crime linkage. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 21(1), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12050

[6] Fortier, A.-M. (2007). Too Close for Comfort: Loving Thy Neighbour and the Management of Multicultural Intimacies. Environment and Planning. D, Society & Space, 25(1), 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1068/d2404

[7] Surbone, A., Kagawa-Singer, M., Terret, C., & Baider, L. (2006). The illness trajectory of elderly cancer patients across cultures: SIOG position paper. Annals of Oncology, 18(4), 633–638. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdl178

[8] Rodríguez-Pérez, M., Abreu-Sánchez, A., Rojas-Ocaña, M. J., & del-Pino-Casado, R. (2017). Coping strategies and quality of life in caregivers of dependent elderly relatives. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1), 71–71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0634-8

[9] Taylor, W. D. (2014). Depression in the Elderly. The New England Journal of Medicine, 371(13), 1228–1236. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1402180

[10] Bae, S. (2020). Factors associated with depressive symptoms among elderly Koreans: the role of health status, work ability, financial problems, living alone, and family relationships. Psychogeriatrics, 20(3), 304–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12499

[11] Han, G.-R., & Jiang, J.-W. (2018). Edge-mode-based graphene nanomechanical resonators for high-sensitivity mass sensor. Europhysics Letters, 123(3), 36002. https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/123/36002

[12] A causal analysis of the effect of age and sex differences on brain atrophy in the elderly brain. (2021). In Life Science Weekly (p. 755). NewsRX LLC.