2. GATHERING PERTINENT INFORMATION - R-div-Engg-Exploration-2026-27-Odd/Repo-6 GitHub Wiki
| SL NO | COMPONENTS OR PARTS USED | MECHANISM OR WORKING PRINCIPAL IDENTIFIED | LINKS | |
| ELECTRONICS | MECHANICAL | |||
| 1 | Arduino Nano | 3D-printed gear | Gear train + indexing mechanism | https://hackster.io/mircemk/diy-arduino-3d-printed-gear-clock-6755a6 |
| stepper driver board | hour/minute/second hands | |||
| stepper motor | shaft,frame | |||
| 2 | stepper motors | Laser-cut agglomerated wood gears, | Independent gear-train indexing mechanism | https://hackaday.io/project/202762-arduclock |
| rechargeable battery | 5mm MDF frame | |||
| Dupont wires | ||||
| 3 | None | Mainspring,weight | Escapement mechanism (classical mechanical clock) | https://simlab.mas.bg.ac.rs/_media/istrazivanje/fme/vol40/1/03_mstoimenov.pdf |
| going gear train | ||||
| escape wheel | ||||
| anchor, pendulum | ||||
| 4 | microcontroller | CNC-cut MDF gears | Microcontroller-timed gear-drive mechanism | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkLIKfdYW3I |
| external crystal oscillator | two buttons for time-setting | |||
| stepper motor | ||||
| 5 | Arduino UNO | Robotic pen-holding arm | Linkage-driven robotic mechanism | https://www.hackster.io/mircemk/plotclock-arduino-robot-clock-af8821 |
| micro servo motors | linkage mechanism | |||
| 6 | RTC module | 3D-printed case | Direct angular-positioning mechanism | https://www.instructables.com/Gear-Clock-2 |
| Arduino UNO | decorative gears | |||
| servo motors | clock hands | |||
| 7 | Arduino Mega | Sliding 7-segment panel | Kinetic segment-sliding mechanism | https://blog.arduino.cc/?p=29026 |
| servo motors | ||||
| 8 | Electromagnetic coil | Baltic birch wood gear train | Electromagnetically-sustained pendulum escapement | https://www.lumberjocks.com/projects/62460 |
| magnet sensor | pine base | |||
| dial | ||||
| walnut hands | ||||
| pendulum | ||||
| 9 | None | mainspring | Classical weight/spring-driven gear-and-escapement mechanism | https://partnernews.mambu.com/ProductPdf/B148X2/999757/Free%20Wooden%20Gear%20Clock%20Plans.pdf |
| interlocking wood | ||||
| metal gear train | ||||
| escape wheel + pallet | ||||
| 10 | Arduino Nano | Inclined winding ball track | Rolling-ball escapement mechanism | https://blog.arduino.cc/2023/07/12/this-timer-uses-a-rolling-ball-to-count-the-seconds/ |
| stepper motor | pivoting gear system | |||
| LCD display | steel ball bearing | |||
| MP3 sound module | ||||
| control buttons | ||||
| 11 | None | Anchor Escapement |
A pivoted anchor with two pallets rocks along with the pendulum and alternately catches and releases the teeth of the escape wheel. One tooth slips past on every swing, and that small push is what keeps the pendulum going (and makes the tick-tock sound). | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_txS435s9nk |
| 12 | None | Pendulum |
A weighted rod that swings back and forth with a nearly constant period, which depends mainly on its length (T = 2π√(L/g) for small swings). Every swing is one fixed slice of time that the escapement counts. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_7rE8afFfo |
| 13 | None | Gear Train (Going Train) |
A chain of meshed gears and pinions, each pair reducing the speed a little more. Compound gearing gives ratios like 60:1 from the seconds wheel to the minute wheel, so one fast wheel can drive very slow moving hands. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqPFaQ0fFrw |
| 14 | None | Motion Works (Hour and Minute Dial Train) |
A small gear set behind the dial. It takes the turning of the minute hand shaft and steps it down 12:1 so the hour hand makes one turn for every twelve turns of the minute hand. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ttzo4ioPAfY |
| 15 | None | Winding Barrel and Ratchet (Click) |
The barrel stores energy from a weight cord or a spring. A ratchet wheel with a spring-loaded pawl (the click) lets it be wound in one direction but stops it from unwinding backwards, so the stored energy is released only through the gear train. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7rSNkvJr9c |
| 16 | 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor (5 V) |
None | A small unipolar stepper with four coils. Energising the coils in a set sequence pulls the magnetic rotor forward one step at a time, and an internal gearbox of about 1:64 gives roughly 2048 steps per output shaft turn (4096 in half-step mode). | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEDrLUkTsMs |
| 17 | ULN2003 Stepper Driver Board |
None | The ULN2003 chip is an array of seven Darlington transistor pairs. Tiny 5 V logic signals on IN1 to IN4 switch the much larger coil current (up to 500 mA per channel), and small LEDs on the board show which coil is active. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STCctT6JyPg |
| 18 | DS3231 Real Time Clock (RTC) Module |
None | A very accurate clock chip with a built-in temperature-compensated crystal oscillator. A coin cell keeps it running when the main power is off, and it sends the date and time to the Arduino over the two-wire I2C bus (SDA and SCL). | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64MqBfgqCHk |
| 19 | Arduino Uno Microcontroller Board |
None | Built around the ATmega328P microcontroller. It runs our sketch, reads the time from the RTC over I2C and drives its digital output pins with the step sequence for the driver board. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfRWyZqU5Y4 |
| 20 | LM7805 5 V Voltage Regulator |
None | A three-pin linear regulator that takes a higher, unsteady DC input (roughly 7 V or more) and holds the output at a steady 5 V. The extra voltage is burnt off as heat, so it may need a heat sink, and input and output capacitors keep it stable. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnzBd6wO5sM |
| 21 | None | Spur Gears (Module Gears) |
Cylindrical gears with straight teeth that mesh on parallel shafts. Two gears only mesh properly if they share the same module (tooth size), and the speed ratio is simply the ratio of their tooth counts, so a 12-tooth pinion driving a 60-tooth gear gives a 5:1 reduction. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBcGLpQnfYk |
| 22 | None | Worm Gear and Worm Wheel |
A screw-shaped worm meshes with a toothed wheel at 90°. One turn of a single-start worm moves the wheel forward by one tooth, so a 40-tooth wheel gives a 40:1 reduction in a single stage. With a low lead angle the wheel cannot drive the worm backwards, so the pair self-locks. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rWnZWvNhi1Y |
| 23 | None | Bevel Gears |
Cone-shaped gears whose shafts meet at an angle, usually 90°. The teeth are cut on the cone surface and the ratio again comes from the tooth counts, so they change the direction of rotation and can also change the speed. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0N1SVoDFThM |
| 24 | None | Geneva Drive (Maltese Cross) |
A driver wheel with a single pin enters a slot in a slotted star wheel, turns it by one fixed step and leaves again, while a locking arc holds the star wheel still until the next turn. Continuous rotation becomes stop-and-go steps (a 4-slot wheel advances 90° per driver turn). | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZov6LNGM3Y |
| 25 | None | Timing Belt and GT2 Pulleys |
A toothed rubber belt runs over toothed pulleys, so it cannot slip like a plain belt. GT2 has a 2 mm pitch and a rounded tooth profile that fits the pulley groove closely, which keeps backlash low and positioning accurate. | https://reprap.org/wiki/Choosing_Belts_and_Pulleys |
| 26 | None | Cam and Follower |
A rotating cam with a shaped edge pushes a follower, and the follower moves in the pattern set by the cam profile. Continuous rotation becomes a back-and-forth or rocking motion. The same idea appears as the snail cam in striking clocks. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTiw2CktpW0 |
| 27 | None | Deep Groove Ball Bearing (608) |
An inner ring, an outer ring, a cage and a row of steel balls. The balls roll in deep raceways instead of sliding, which cuts friction and lets the bearing carry radial load and moderate axial load in both directions. The common 608 size has an 8 mm bore and a 22 mm outer diameter. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkGrpM7cCe0 |
| 28 | None | Slip Clutch (Friction Clutch) |
Two friction faces are pressed together by a spring. The clutch carries torque up to a set limit and slips when the load goes above it, so the limit depends on the spring force, the friction and the radius of the faces. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7-D9UnYNG8 |
| 29 | NEMA 17 Stepper Motor |
None | A hybrid stepper motor with a 1.8° step angle, which means 200 full steps per revolution. It is driven from a supply well above 5 V (commonly 8–35 V) through a driver, and the rotor moves one step for every pulse the driver receives. Microstepping makes the steps finer. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcLeXXATCR4 |
| 30 | A4988 Stepper Motor Driver |
None | A microstepping driver built around an Allegro chip. It needs only two control pins: each pulse on STEP moves the motor one (micro)step and the DIR pin sets the direction. A small potentiometer sets the current limit, and the driver can handle up to about 2 A per coil with cooling. | https://lastminuteengineers.com/a4988-stepper-motor-driver-arduino-tutorial/ |
| 31 | None | Escape Wheel |
A toothed wheel at the end of the going train. The pallets of the escapement lock it and release it one tooth at a time, and as each tooth slips past it gives the pendulum a small push. That push keeps the pendulum swinging and makes the tick. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIjnFIwPmIE |
| 32 | None | Crutch and Suspension Spring |
The pendulum hangs from a thin flat suspension spring that works as a nearly frictionless pivot. A wire arm called the crutch loosely engages the pendulum rod and passes its swing to the anchor, and the anchor's push travels back to the pendulum the same way. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0Ze3deC064 |
| 33 | None | Mainspring |
A long, thin spiral ribbon of spring steel. Winding it tighter stores elastic energy, and as it slowly uncoils it turns the barrel and drives the gear train. The width, thickness and length of the strip decide how much torque it gives and how long it runs. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHKZcGKcE24 |
| 34 | None | Driving Weight and Pulley |
A weight hangs on a cord or cable that winds around a drum on the great wheel arbor. Gravity pulls the weight down with a steady force and turns the gear train as the cord unwinds. Winding the clock simply lifts the weight back up. | https://www.clockworks.com/posts/how-to-restring-clock-weights-safely |
| 35 | None | Pivots, Arbors and Bushings |
Each wheel sits on a steel shaft (arbor) whose thin ends, called pivots, turn in small holes in the plates. The pivots and holes must be round and smooth, with a thin film of clock oil between them. When a hole wears oval, a brass bushing is pressed in to bring it back to size. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Qd2dxi9o30 |
| 36 | None | Clock Plates and Pillars (Movement Frame) |
Two flat plates, usually brass, are held apart by short posts called pillars. The wheels and pinions of the train run between the plates, with the pivots of each arbor sitting in matching holes on both plates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_(clockwork) |
| 37 | None | Hour and Minute Hands |
The minute hand fits on the centre shaft and the hour hand on a hollow shaft around it. The hour hand turns once for every twelve turns of the minute hand, through the motion works. Hands are pressed on with a friction fit, hour hand first and minute hand on top, and are usually secured with a small nut or cap. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMHUGhKt92o |
| 38 | None | Balance Wheel and Hairspring |
A weighted wheel that turns back and forth, pulled back towards the centre by a fine spiral spring called the hairspring. The inertia of the wheel and the stiffness of the spring set the beat, and a typical watch balance runs at about 4 Hz (28,800 beats per hour). | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7l4B6rBUxg0 |
| 39 | A3144 Hall Effect Sensor (with Magnet) |
None | A digital magnetic switch. With no magnet nearby its output stays high (through a pull-up resistor), and when a magnet of the right pole passes close by, the output goes low. There is no physical contact, so nothing wears out. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-MB1jBocW4 |
| 40 | LM393 Slotted Optical Sensor Module |
None | An infrared LED and a phototransistor face each other across a 5 mm slot, and an LM393 comparator turns the signal into a clean digital output. Anything that passes through the slot blocks the beam and changes the output level, which the Arduino can count. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9848QETGd_k |
| 41 | None | Chime Hammer and Gong Type: Mechanical |
A small hammer on a wire is lifted and released so that it strikes a gong or chime rod once. At rest the hammer should sit a short distance from the gong (about 3 mm, or 1/8 inch, is a common setting) so it hits cleanly and bounces off instead of thudding or double-striking. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5iVv2FDId0 |
| 42 | 16x2 I2C LCD Display Type: Electrical |
None | A 16-character, 2-line LCD with a PCF8574 I2C backpack, so it needs only SDA and SCL (plus power) instead of about 11 wires. The I2C address is commonly 0x27 or 0x3F, and a small trimmer on the back sets the contrast. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4g1gWmkvhE |
| 43 | TM1637 4-Digit 7-Segment Display Type: Electrical |
None | A 4-digit LED display module with a TM1637 driver chip. It needs only two control wires (CLK and DIO) plus power, the brightness can be set from 0 to 7, and the module keeps what it was told to show, so no refresh loop is needed in the code. | https://lastminuteengineers.com/tm1637-arduino-tutorial/ |
| 44 | KY-040 Rotary Encoder Type: Electrical |
None | An incremental encoder with a built-in push button. Turning the knob produces two square-wave signals (CLK and DT) that are out of phase, and the order in which they change tells the Arduino which way the knob turned. It has no end stops, and pressing the knob closes a switch. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4Lra0SWzw8 |
| 45 | Tactile Push Buttons Type: Electrical |
None | Momentary switches that connect two contacts only while pressed. With INPUT_PULLUP the Arduino's internal resistor keeps the pin HIGH, and pressing the button pulls it LOW. The contacts bounce for a few milliseconds, so the code adds a short debounce (around 50 ms is common) to avoid reading one press as many. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYOYgU2vlSE |
| 46 | Active Buzzer Type: Electrical |
None | A buzzer with a built-in oscillator, so it makes one fixed tone (often around 2 kHz) whenever DC voltage is applied. A passive buzzer would need a square wave from the Arduino tone() function to make sound and to change pitch. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eg1harSqpis |
| 47 | DC Solenoid (Push-Pull Type) Type: Electrical |
None | A coil of wire around a movable iron plunger. Current in the coil creates a magnetic field that pulls the plunger in, and a spring returns it when the current stops. A DC solenoid is an inductive load, so it is switched through a transistor with a flyback diode across the coil. | https://www.makerguides.com/control-a-solenoid-with-arduino/ |
| 48 | TIP120 Darlington Transistor Type: Electrical |
None | An NPN Darlington pair that works as an electronic switch. A small base current from the Arduino (through a resistor) lets a much larger current flow from collector to emitter. It is rated for 60 V and 5 A, but it drops roughly 2 V when switched on, so it heats up at higher currents. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JOIYrmpzto |
| 49 | 1N4007 Flyback Diode Type: Electrical |
None | A rectifier diode placed across the solenoid coil with its banded end (cathode) towards the positive supply. It stays reverse-biased in normal running. When the transistor switches off, the coil current keeps flowing through the diode instead of building a large voltage spike. A 1N4007 is rated for 1 A and 1000 V. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyback_diode |
| 50 | LM2596 Buck Converter Module Type: Electrical |
None | An adjustable step-down switching regulator. The LM2596-ADJ takes up to about 40 V in and gives an output from roughly 1.25 V to 37 V, set with a small trimmer. It wastes far less energy than a linear regulator such as the LM7805, which burns the extra voltage off as heat. | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lk51i-F1CD4 |