6. Introduction

Virtual Implementation of the Sine-Cosine Wave Plotter

The virtual implementation of the Sine-Cosine Wave Plotter is an innovative approach that allows us to simulate the functionalities of a physical XY plotter in a controlled, software-driven environment. This simulation serves as a stepping stone for hardware implementation, offering significant advantages in design verification, debugging, and understanding core concepts without incurring the costs and challenges of physical prototyping.

Why Choose Virtual Implementation?

1. Cost Efficiency: Developing a virtual model eliminates the need for physical components during initial stages, reducing material costs.
2. Error Mitigation: Virtual testing helps identify potential flaws in logic, circuitry, or mechanical design before building the physical system.
3. Iterative Design: Changes to parameters like speed, resolution, or plotting range can be tested instantly in a virtual environment, allowing for rapid iteration.
4. Educational Value: Visualizing sine and cosine wave generation in real time provides an intuitive understanding of the mathematical principles and system dynamics.
5. Scalability: Virtual environments facilitate integration with advanced features like algorithmic adjustments or machine learning for optimization.

What is Virtual Implementation for the Plotter?

Virtual implementation involves using software tools to simulate the hardware and software components of the sine-cosine wave plotter. This includes:

• Modeling 2D and 3D Parts: Creating precise representations of the components used in the plotter.
• Simulating Movement: Emulating the motion of stepper motors and mechanical linkages.
• Algorithm Visualization: Representing the path traced by the plotting tool based on sine and cosine equations.
• Interfacing Virtual Circuitry: Mimicking microcontroller behavior (e.g., ESP32) to control the virtual hardware.

Benefits of Virtual Implementation Specific to This Project

1. Mathematical Accuracy: Allows precise visualization of sine and cosine curves, helping to verify computational algorithms.
2. Hardware Emulation: The behavior of stepper motors, servo motors, and power supplies can be tested virtually.
3. Integration Readiness: The flowchart, circuit diagram, and software logic can be validated in tandem, ensuring smooth transition to physical assembly.
4. Documentation: Comprehensive models and simulations provide a clear roadmap for hardware assembly, reducing ambiguity.

What Makes the Sine-Cosine Wave Plotter Special?

This project showcases the harmonious blend of mathematics and engineering. By leveraging trigonometric functions to guide precision movements, it illustrates the practical applications of abstract mathematical concepts. Through virtual implementation, we ensure that the transition from theory to practice is seamless, efficient, and effective, creating a solid foundation for further innovations.

The virtual implementation not only saves time and resources but also empowers developers to push the boundaries of design and functionality before engaging in physical prototyping.

6.1 2D Sketches of All Parts

PLAIN ROD

PLAIN BOARD

PLAIN BOARD FOR MOTOR

PLAIN BOARD FOR MOTOR-2

CHAMFERED BOARD

STEPPER MOTOR

MOTOR TOP-VIEW

PLAIN ROD (2mm Diameter)

ROD SLEEVE

SCREW RAIL

SERVO MOTOR

SIDE WALL

THREADED ROD

6.2 3D Modelling

6.2.1 3D Parts

Servo Motor Board

Side Walls

Spring Pusher

Board

DC Motor

Motor Holding Unit

Threaded Rod with Attachments

Rod Holder

Spring

Plain Rod

Servo Motor

Plain Rod (Alternative)

6.2.2 3D Assemblies

X & Y Axis Mechanisms

Z Axis Mechanism

Final Model

6.3 Circuit Diagram

6.4 Flow Chart

6.5 Bill Of Materials

Sl.No	Part Name	Specifications	Quantity
1	Arduino Mega 2560 R3	Operating voltage: 5V + Clock speed: 16MHz + SRAM: 8KB + EEPROM: 4KB	1
2	9g Micro Servo	No load speed: 0.12 sec/60 degrees (4.8V) + Stall torque: 1.6 kg/cm (4.8V) + Operating temp: -30 to +60°C + Voltage: 4.8V-6V	1
3	EasyDriver-Stepper Motor Driver	Adjustable current control: 150mA/phase to 750mA/phase + Power supply range: 6V to 30V	2
4	Stepper Motor (NEMA 17)	Size: 42.3mm square × 48mm, Weight: 350g, Shaft diameter: 5mm, Steps per revolution: 200, Holding torque: 3.2 kg-cm	2
5	Wall Adapter Power Supply	12VDC 2A	1
6	USB Cable A to B	-	1
7	Breadboard	Large	1
8	Jumper Wire Pack-M/M	-	2
9	Male Headers Pack (Break-Away)	-	1
10	SS304 Threaded Rod M8 Brass Round Flange Single Nut	10mm OD, 315mm length, 1.25mm pitch	2
11	EN31 Rustproof Steel Smooth Rod	5mm OD, 300mm long	4
12	Sk8 Linear Rail Shaft Axis Clamping Guide End Support For XYZ Axis	10mm Bore diameter	2
13	KP08 Rail Mount Bore Ball Bearing Block Mounted Pillow Insert Bearing	10mm Bore diameter	2