FormatStrings - Opty-Forks/SSof GitHub Wiki

Format Strings Vulnerability Lab

The goal of this session is to analyse and exploit format-strings vulnerabilities.
For this lab we propose a series of simple format string exercises that range from reading values that are stored in the local stack (00_local_read.c) to changing the return address of a function (08_retlibc.c).

Format String Vulnerabilities exist whenever a printf(str) is improperly used and the format string str is controlled by the adversary. This allows reading arbitrary memory content, write to arbitrary memory content, and hijack of the execution control flow.

To interact with the server you can adapt the following snippet of code: netcat_template.py

Setup

  • Notice that these files do not need to be compiled with -fno-stack-protector nor -z execstack but you need to disable the ASLR for all of them (this is global for the OS)
echo 0 | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
  • The information on how each file was compiled is at the header of each source file.
  • Do not know how to use GDB? A quick GDB-101 with a list of basic GDB commands can be found in the sidebar.

Task 1 - Reading Arbitrary Values from Memory

0-Simple Local Read

Let us start with exercise 00_local_read.c. The goal of this exercise is to read the variable secret_value. How can you do it?

  1. Recall how you can read the entire stack with printf (in the presence of a format string vulnerability).
  2. Where is secret_value located?

This challenge is running at nc mustard.stt.rnl.tecnico.ulisboa.pt 10090.

Tips

  • Whenever in the presence of a format string vulnerability, the first thing we do is to try to understand the stack. The idea is to ask for several %x for which we did not push the corresponding arguments to the stack. For example, send AAAA.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x. What will this do?
    • This will print the string AAAA followed by 20 other hex values (one for each %x) that correspond to the content of the 20 registers of the stack immediately after the format string of the printf.
      • We used %08x to print the values in hex and padded with 0's to the left to use 8 characters.
      • We used . to separate the printed registers.
      • Both are just to make the output more readable.
  • Since you know that the string secret_value was loaded into the stack, it means that the address where secret_value is located is in the stack and so, using %s instead of %x allows one to read the value pointed by such address.
  • Be careful when using %s on an address that is NULL.
    • What can go wrong?

1-Short Local Read

Now we have a much smaller buffer to write into. Can we still do it?

Tips

  • Recall that you can use positional arguments %N$t with printf (where N is a number and t is a format specifier). This allows printing the N-th register of the stack immediately after the format string without the need to print the previous N-1.
  • Where is secret_value located?

This challenge is running at nc mustard.stt.rnl.tecnico.ulisboa.pt 10091.

Task 2 - Writing Values to Memory

2-Write to Memory

Function printf also allows you to write on variables using the format string %n.

  • Can you change the value of target to a value other than 0?
  • Notice that target is not in the stack.

This challenge is running at nc mustard.stt.rnl.tecnico.ulisboa.pt 10092.

Tips

  • Like %s allows one to read the value pointed by an address in memory, %n allows one to write a value to an address in memory.
    • What does %n writes to that address? It writes the number of characters printed so far.
  • The first thing to do again is to inspect the stack by sending an arbitrary number of %x.
  • Do you see 41414141? What does it mean? 41414141 is the AAAA that we have introduced at the beginning of our string. This means that the 7th register on the stack is the beginning of buffer and is controlled by us.
  • How can you write into target?

    • Do you know its address? Remember that target is a global variable and you have the binary that is running on the server.

      from pwn import *
elf = ELF(PROG_NAME)
target_address = elf.symbols['target']

    • What happens if instead of AAAA you write the address of target at the beginning of our string?

    • And if your 7th % is a %n instead of %08x?

3-Write Specific Value

And can you change the value of target to a specific value?

This challenge is running at nc mustard.stt.rnl.tecnico.ulisboa.pt 10093.

Tips

  • Recall that you can always print as many characters as you want (up to a reasonable amount). Either explicitly, eg AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA, or using padding %20x.

4-Write Specific Byte

And can you write a specific value in target? One whose most significant byte is not 0?

This challenge is running at nc mustard.stt.rnl.tecnico.ulisboa.pt 10094.

Tips

  • Do not forget that you can apply modifiers to format strings, eg %hhn, to write a single byte.
  • Also remember that the most significant byte of memory address 0x08041010 is byte 0x08041013.

5-Write Big Numbers

Well, but you cannot do it if you have to write a very big number. Or can you?

This challenge is running at nc mustard.stt.rnl.tecnico.ulisboa.pt 10095.

Tips

  • Do not forget the modifiers hh (1 byte) and h (2 bytes).

6-Write Given Number

Enough! Now I tell you what to write. Can you do it?

This challenge is running at nc mustard.stt.rnl.tecnico.ulisboa.pt 10096.

Task 3 - Call Functions

7-Calling Functions

Let's see if you can now call functions. Can you call function win?

  • Notice that function exit is being called...
  • You might need to use objdump -R bin to know the address of exit@GOT.
    • Have you haver heard of GOT?

Alternatively

from pwn import *
elf = ELF(PROG_NAME)
win_address = elf.symbols['win']
exit_address = elf.got['exit']

This challenge is running at nc mustard.stt.rnl.tecnico.ulisboa.pt 10097.

8-Call Function Again

I will not call win for you anymore. Can you do it by yourself?

This challenge is running at nc mustard.stt.rnl.tecnico.ulisboa.pt 10098.

Summary

The steps to perform a Format String Attack are thus the following:

  1. Send AAAA.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%08x to read the content of the 20 registers of the stack immediately after the format string of the printf.
  2. Is the value in the stack? Yes, and suppose that it is the 5th register below the format string.
    • is it an integer? Then send %08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%d (or alternatively %5$d).
    • is it a string (so you have a pointer to it in the 5th position)? Then send %08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%s (or alternatively %5$s).
    • is it a pointer to an address where you want to write? Then send %08x.%08x.%08x.%08x.%n (or alternatively %5$n). This will write 36 in that address (the alternative solution writes 0).
  3. Is the value in the stack? NO, but suppose that 41414141 appears in the 10th position after the format string. In this case you just have to add the address to the stack.
    • If the address you want to read is 0x08042010, then send \x10\x20\x04\x08.%10$s to read the content of this address.
    • If the address you want to write is 0x08042010, then send \x10\x20\x04\x08.%10$n to write 5 into this address (one for each of the bytes, plus one for the dot .).
  4. How do you write arbitrary values? Use %Nx to adjust the number of characters that are printed. In this case N.
    • Be careful that the number of printed characters does not reset after a %n.
    • The way to write 8 and then 4 is to print 252 extra characters as (8+252) % 256 = 4.
    • Also, you might want to use %hhn to write a single byte and not damaging the bytes to the left.