How to Analyze an Argument

Logic – Finding the Heart of the Argument

1. What is the topic?

• Think of the topic as the theme or issue the author is addressing.
• Ask yourself: What is the author trying to explore or discuss? This will help you set the scene for understanding their main message.

2. What is the main claim or main message?

• Every argument has a core point – this is the main claim, also called the conclusion or thesis.
• It’s the big idea the author wants you to believe or accept.
• Try to put it into your own words: What is the author really trying to say or prove?

3. What supporting reasons or assertions back up the main claim?

• Think of these as the pillars holding up the main claim.
• Ask: What reasons does the author provide to make their main message more convincing?
• List each reason separately to see how each one contributes to the argument.

4. Is there evidence to support the assertions?

• Evidence makes each assertion stronger!
• Look for facts, examples, expert opinions, or data.
• Ask yourself: Does this evidence truly support the assertion it’s paired with? and Is this evidence credible and relevant?

Ethos -- Credibility – Why should we listen to this author?

Evaluating Credibility and Trustworthiness

5. Is the author credible? How do you know?

• Look for signs that the author knows their stuff.
• This could be their background, experience, or expertise in the topic area.
• Ask: What makes this author trustworthy? and Is the author drawing on credible sources or research?

6. Counterargument: Does the piece offer different sides of the argument?

• A credible argument often acknowledges opposing viewpoints.
• Does the author mention counterarguments?
  • If so, how do they respond? This shows whether the author has considered the full scope of the issue and helps build a balanced argument.

7. What is the author’s connection to the issue?

• Ask yourself: Does the author explain their personal or professional interest in the topic? Understanding this connection can reveal potential biases or motivations behind their argument.

Passion

Understanding the Significance and Emotional Appeal: Why should we care? What is the significance?

8. What’s the tone of the piece? How does it make you feel?

• Tone reveals how the author feels about the topic.
• Is the tone engaging, neutral, aggressive, or enthusiastic?
• Ask: Do I feel like I’m being spoken with or spoken at? Tone can influence how persuasive or relatable an argument feels.

9. Does the author explain how the issue affects them personally?

• Personal connections often bring out the author’s passion.
• Look for moments when the author shares how the issue impacts them directly.
• Ask: Does the author reveal any personal stakes or experiences that make them more invested in this topic?

10. Does the author help you feel connected to the issue?

• Effective arguments often make the reader care about the topic.
• Look for examples, stories, or hypothetical scenarios that make the issue feel real and relevant.
• Ask yourself: Do I feel more connected to this issue because of how it’s presented?