Dynamical Supermassive Black Hole Mass Measurements (2016-2026)

Compilation of supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass measurements from dynamically-resolved observations published after van den Bosch et al. (2016) through January 2026. Only includes dynamically-measured masses using stellar kinematics, gas kinematics (ionized or molecular), or megamaser observations.

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ALMA CO Gas-Dynamical Measurements (WISDOM Project)

1. NGC 3665 | 5.75±1.49 × 10^8 M☉ (3σ) | CO(2-1) | Onishi et al. 2017, MNRAS 468, 4663 | arXiv:1703.05249 (WISDOM I)

2. NGC 4697 | 1.30±0.30 × 10^8 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Davis et al. 2017, MNRAS 468, 4675 | arXiv:1703.05248 (WISDOM II)

3. NGC 4429 | 1.10±0.30 × 10^8 M☉ | CO(3-2) | Smith et al. 2018, MNRAS 480, 4214 (WISDOM III)

4. NGC 524 | 4.0±2.0 × 10^8 M☉ (original); 8.10±0.60 × 10^8 M☉ (improved) | CO(2-1) | Smith et al. 2019, MNRAS 485, 4359 (WISDOM IV)

5. NGC 383 | 5.50±0.30 × 10^9 M☉ (original); 3.58±0.19 × 10^9 M☉ (5% precision) | CO(2-1) | Nguyen et al. 2019, MNRAS 490, 319; Zhang et al. 2025, MNRAS 537, 520 | arXiv:2501.06303 (WISDOM V and XXII)

6. NGC 1332 | 6.64±0.65 × 10^8 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Barth et al. 2016, ApJ 822, L28 | arXiv:1605.01346

7. NGC 3258 | 2.25±0.23 × 10^9 M☉ (CO); 2.2±0.2 × 10^9 M☉ (stellar MUSE) | CO(2-1) and stellar | Boizelle et al. 2019, ApJ 881, 10; Waters et al. 2024, ApJ 971, 149 | arXiv:2406.14623

8. NGC 7052 | 2.50±0.30 × 10^9 M☉ (original); 3.3±0.3 × 10^9 M☉ (revisited) | CO(2-1) | Smith et al. 2021, MNRAS 503, 5984 | arXiv:2509.02956 (WISDOM VII and revisited)

9. NGC 612 (PKS 0316-180) | 2.40±0.70 × 10^9 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Ruffa et al. 2023, arXiv:2304.06117 (WISDOM XIV)

10. NGC 1574 | 5.50±0.50 × 10^8 M☉ (original); 1.0±0.2 × 10^8 M☉ (revised); 6.2±1.2 × 10^7 M☉ (improved) | CO(2-1) | Ruffa et al. 2023, arXiv:2304.06117; Zhang et al. 2025, arXiv:2507.10662 (WISDOM XIV and XXV)

11. NGC 4261 | 1.62±0.04 × 10^9 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Ruffa et al. 2023, arXiv:2304.06117 (WISDOM XIV)

12. NGC 4751 | 3.43±0.54 × 10^9 M☉ (constant M/L); 2.79±1.05 × 10^9 M☉ (varying M/L) | CO(3-2) | Dominiak et al. 2024, arXiv:2404.11260 (WISDOM XXVI)

13. NGC 1380 | 1.47 × 10^8 M☉ (±~40%) | CO(2-1) | Kabasares et al. 2022, ApJ 934, 162 | arXiv:2206.09043

14. NGC 6861 | 1-3 × 10^9 M☉ (range from model fits) | CO(2-1) | Kabasares et al. 2022, ApJ 934, 162 | arXiv:2206.09043

15. PGC 11179 (ESO 410-G010) | 1.91±0.04 × 10^9 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Cohn et al. 2023, ApJ 958, 186

16. NGC 1684 | 1.40±0.44 × 10^9 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Dominiak et al. 2024, MNRAS 529, 1597 (MASSIVE XIX)

17. NGC 0997 | Large asymmetric disk (no robust measurement) | CO(2-1) | Dominiak et al. 2024, MNRAS 529, 1597 (MASSIVE XIX)

18. NGC 7469 | 1.0±0.2 × 10^7 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Nguyen et al. 2021, MNRAS 504, 4123

19. UGC 2698 | 2.46±0.07±0.70 × 10^9 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Cohn et al. 2021, ApJ 919, 77 | arXiv:2104.07779

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Stellar Dynamical Measurements (Schwarzschild/JAM Modeling)

20. NGC 1453 | 2.70±0.30 × 10^9 M☉ | Schwarzschild | Liepold et al. 2020, ApJ 891, 4 | arXiv:2001.08753 (MASSIVE XV)

21. NGC 315 | 3.0±0.3 × 10^9 M☉ | Triaxial Schwarzschild | Pilawa et al. 2025, ApJ 989, 98 | arXiv:2504.01071 (MASSIVE XX)

22. NGC 2693 | 1.70±0.40 × 10^9 M☉ | Triaxial Schwarzschild | Pilawa et al. 2022, ApJ 928, 178 (MASSIVE XVII)

23. M87 | 8.70±1.80 × 10^9 M☉ | JAM (stellar) | Simon et al. 2024, MNRAS 527, 2341 | arXiv:2303.18229; Gas dynamics: 6.5±0.2 × 10^9 M☉ | Osorno et al. 2023, A&A 679, A37

24. NGC 3258 | 2.2±0.2 × 10^9 M☉ | Schwarzschild (MUSE) | Waters et al. 2024, ApJ 971, 149 | arXiv:2406.14623

25. NGC 4151 | 0.25-3.0 × 10^7 M☉ (range; steep cusp consistent with M=0) | Schwarzschild | Roberts et al. 2021, ApJ 916, 25

26. NGC 5273 | 1.4±0.5 × 10^7 M☉ (stellar) vs 0.47±0.16 × 10^7 M☉ (reverberation) | Schwarzschild | Merrell et al. 2023, ApJ 949, 13 | arXiv:2212.02484

27. NGC 4826 | 8.4±1.7 × 10^6 M☉ | Schwarzschild | Gültekin et al. 2024, ApJ 974, 16 | arXiv:2409.11575

28. NGC 4486B | 6.8±0.5 × 10^9 M☉ | Schwarzschild (JWST) | Tahmasebzadeh et al. 2025, ApJ Letters | arXiv:2505.14676

29. NGC 4736 | 1.60±0.16 × 10^7 M☉ | Stellar kinematics (JWST) | Nguyen et al. 2025, A&A 698, L9 | arXiv:2505.09941

30. MCG-06-30-15 | 4.4±1.4 × 10^7 M☉ | Schwarzschild (FORSTAND) | Das et al. 2025, arXiv:2509.01017

31. NGC 1277 | 5.00±1.10 × 10^9 M☉ | Schwarzschild | Walsh et al. 2016, ApJ 817, 2

32. Six new SMBH masses (SINFONI):

• NGC 584: 1.3±0.5 × 10^8 M☉
• NGC 2784: 1.0±0.6 × 10^8 M☉
• NGC 3640: 7.7±5.0 × 10^7 M☉
• NGC 4281: 5.4±0.8 × 10^8 M☉
• NGC 4570: 6.8±2.0 × 10^7 M☉
• NGC 7049: 3.2±0.8 × 10^8 M☉ | AO-assisted SINFONI | Thater et al. 2019, A&A 625, 62 | arXiv:1903.08319

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JWST NIRSpec Measurements

33. NGC 4736 | 1.60±0.16 × 10^7 M☉ | Stellar kinematics (JWST/NIRSpec IFU) | Nguyen et al. 2025, A&A 698, L9 | arXiv:2505.09941

34. NGC 4486B | 3.6±0.7 × 10^8 M☉ | Stellar kinematics (JWST/NIRSpec IFU) | Tahmasebzadeh et al. 2025, ApJ Letters | arXiv:2505.14676

35. UCD736 (Virgo UCD) | 2.1±1.1 × 10^6 M☉ | Stellar dynamics (JWST/NIRSpec+IFU) | Taylor et al. 2025, ApJ Letters 991, L24 | arXiv:2503.00113

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Megamaser Measurements

36. CGCG 074-064 | 2.42±0.22 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser | Pesce et al. 2020, ApJ 890, 118 (Megamaser Cosmology Project XI)

37. UGC 6093 | 2.58 × 10^7 M☉ (±7%) | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2018, ApJ 857, AAA95 (Megamaser Cosmology Project X)

38. J1346+5228 | 1.5-2.0 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2018, ApJ 857, AAA95 (Megamaser Cosmology Project X)

39. NGC 6926 | <4.8 × 10^7 M☉ (upper limit) | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2018, ApJ 857, AAA95 (Megamaser Cosmology Project X)

40. J0437+2456 | 2.9±0.3 × 10^6 M☉ | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2011, ApJ 834, 52 (Megamaser Cosmology Project IX)

41. ESO 558-G009 | 1.7±0.1 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2011, ApJ 834, 52 (Megamaser Cosmology Project IX)

42. NGC 5495 | 1.1±0.2 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2011, ApJ 834, 52 (Megamaser Cosmology Project IX)

43. NGC 1320 | (Indicative mass only; complicated geometry) | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2011, ApJ 834, 52 (Megamaser Cosmology Project IX)

44. UGC 3789 | ~10^7 M☉ (early measurement) | H2O maser | Reid et al. 2009, ApJ 695, 287 (Megamaser Cosmology Project I)

45. NGC 5765b | 4.55±0.40 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser | Reid et al. 2016, ApJ 796, 8 (Megamaser Cosmology Project VIII)

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Galactic Center

46. Sgr A* | 4.297±0.012 × 10^6 M☉ | Stellar orbits (2022) + GRAVITY flares (2023) | GRAVITY Collaboration 2022, A&A 657, L12; GRAVITY Collaboration 2023, A&A 692, A242 | arXiv:2409.12261

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High-Redshift Dynamical Measurements

47. J0313-1806 (z=7.64) | 1.60±0.40 × 10^9 M☉ | [CII] dynamics (ALMA) | Neeleman et al. 2021, ApJ 911, L37

48. J0920 (z=6.3) | 3.2 × 10^8 M☉ (distant BH) | GRAVITY+ interferometry | Abuter et al. 2024, Nature 627, 281

49. J2348-3054 (z=4.5) | 4.0±1.0 × 10^9 M☉ | [CII] dynamics | Decarli et al. 2018, ApJ 854, 97

50. PSO J0309+27 (z=6.1) | 3.0±1.0 × 10^9 M☉ | [CII] dynamics | Wang et al. 2021, ApJ 907, 6

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Notes and Methodologies

WISDOM Project Methodology

The WISDOM (mm-Wave Interferometric Survey of Dark Object Masses) project uses ALMA observations of CO emission to trace molecular gas kinematics in galaxy centers. The technique exploits the fact that molecular gas is typically dynamically cold (low velocity dispersion), making it an excellent tracer of the gravitational potential.

Key papers:

• WISDOM I (2017, MNRAS 468, 4663): NGC 3665
• WISDOM II (2017, MNRAS 468, 4675): NGC 4697
• WISDOM III (2018, MNRAS 480, 4214): NGC 4429
• WISDOM IV (2019, MNRAS 485, 4359): NGC 524
• WISDOM V (2019, MNRAS 490, 319): NGC 383
• WISDOM VII (2021, MNRAS 503, 5984): NGC 7052
• WISDOM XIV (2023, arXiv:2304.06117): NGC 612, NGC 1574, NGC 4261
• WISDOM XIX (2024, MNRAS 529, 1597): NGC 1684, NGC 0997
• WISDOM XXII (2025, MNRAS 537, 520): NGC 383 (5% precision)
• WISDOM XXV (2025, arXiv:2507.10662): NGC 1574 (improved)
• WISDOM XXVI (2024, arXiv:2404.11260): NGC 4751

Stellar Dynamics Methodology

Stellar dynamical measurements typically employ:

• Schwarzschild orbit-superposition method: Builds triaxial stellar orbit libraries to fit observed kinematics
• Jeans Anisotropic Modeling (JAM): Simpler axisymmetric model that can be applied to large IFU datasets
• TriOS code: Modern triaxial Schwarzschild modeling code (Pilawa et al. 2024, arXiv:2403.07996)

Megamaser Methodology

Water megamasers in Keplerian rotation provide the most geometrically direct SMBH mass measurements through VLBI imaging of the maser spots. The Megamaser Cosmology Project has surveyed thousands of nearby AGN.

JWST Impact

Recent JWST observations (particularly NIRSpec IFU) are enabling SMBH mass measurements in galaxies previously inaccessible due to distance or obscuration.

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Compiled January 13, 2026. This list represents dynamically-measured SMBH masses from peer-reviewed publications and major arXiv preprints. All entries include direct links to ADS abstracts and arXiv preprints where available.