Dynamical Supermassive Black Hole Mass Measurements (2016-2026)

Compilation of supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass measurements from dynamically-resolved observations published after van den Bosch et al. (2016) through January 2026. Includes entries from both research_glm.md and test_bh_compilation.md, with overlap analysis.

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ALMA CO Gas-Dynamical Measurements (WISDOM Project)

1. NGC 3665 | 5.75±1.49 × 10^8 M☉ (research_glm.md) vs 3.00±0.30 × 10^8 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | CO(2-1) | Onishi et al. 2017, MNRAS 468, 4663 | arXiv:1703.05249 (WISDOM I)

2. NGC 4697 | 1.30±0.30 × 10^8 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Davis et al. 2017, MNRAS 468, 4675 | arXiv:1703.05248 (WISDOM II)

3. NGC 4429 | 1.10±0.30 × 10^8 M☉ | CO(3-2) (research_glm.md) vs CO(2-1) (test_bh_compilation.md) | Smith et al. 2018, MNRAS 480, 4214 (WISDOM III)

4. NGC 524 | 4.0±2.0 × 10^8 M☉ (original); 8.10±0.60 × 10^8 M☉ (improved) | CO(2-1) | Smith et al. 2019, MNRAS 485, 4359 (WISDOM IV)

5. NGC 383 | 5.50±0.30 × 10^9 M☉ (original); 3.58±0.19 × 10^9 M☉ (research_glm.md) vs 5.84±0.29 × 10^9 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) (5% precision) | CO(2-1) | Nguyen et al. 2019, MNRAS 490, 319; Zhang et al. 2025, MNRAS 537, 520 | arXiv:2501.06303 (WISDOM V and XXII)

6. NGC 1332 | 6.64±0.65 × 10^8 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Barth et al. 2016, ApJ 822, L28 | arXiv:1605.01346

7. NGC 3258 | 2.25±0.23 × 10^9 M☉ (CO); 2.2±0.2 × 10^9 M☉ (stellar MUSE) | CO(2-1) and stellar | Boizelle et al. 2019, ApJ 881, 10; Waters et al. 2024, ApJ 971, 149 | arXiv:2406.14623

8. NGC 7052 | 2.50±0.30 × 10^9 M☉ (original); 3.3±0.3 × 10^9 M☉ (revisited) | CO(2-1) | Smith et al. 2021, MNRAS 503, 5984; Ngo et al. 2025, arXiv:2509.02956 (WISDOM VII and revisited)

9. NGC 612 (PKS 0316-180) | 2.40±0.70 × 10^9 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Ruffa et al. 2023, arXiv:2304.06117 (WISDOM XIV)

10. NGC 1574 | 5.50±0.50 × 10^8 M☉ (original); 1.0±0.2 × 10^8 M☉ (revised); 6.2±1.2 × 10^7 M☉ (improved) | CO(2-1) | Ruffa et al. 2023, arXiv:2304.06117; Zhang et al. 2025, arXiv:2507.10662 (WISDOM XIV and XXV)

11. NGC 4261 | 1.62±0.04 × 10^9 M☉ (research_glm.md) vs 4.90±0.50 × 10^8 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | CO(2-1) | Ruffa et al. 2023, arXiv:2304.06117 (WISDOM XIV)

12. NGC 4751 | 3.43±0.54 × 10^9 M☉ (constant M/L); 2.79±1.05 × 10^9 M☉ (varying M/L) (research_glm.md) vs 3.6±0.7 × 10^9 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | CO(3-2) | Dominiak et al. 2024, arXiv:2404.11260 (WISDOM XXVI)

13. NGC 1380 | 1.47 × 10^8 M☉ (±~40%) (research_glm.md) vs 5.10±1.40 × 10^8 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | CO(2-1) | Kabasares et al. 2022, ApJ 934, 162 vs Cohn et al. 2022, ApJ 940, 94 | arXiv:2206.09043 vs arXiv:2208.00921

14. NGC 6861 | 1-3 × 10^9 M☉ (range from model fits) (research_glm.md) vs 6.00±2.10 × 10^8 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | CO(2-1) | Kabasares et al. 2022, A&A 668, A5 | arXiv:2208.00921

15. PGC 11179 (ESO 410-G010) | 1.91±0.04 × 10^9 M☉ (research_glm.md) vs 5.0±2.0 × 10^8 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | CO(2-1) | Cohn et al. 2023, ApJ 958, 186

16. NGC 1684 | 1.40±0.44 × 10^9 M☉ (research_glm.md) vs 1.0±0.2 × 10^9 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | CO(2-1) | Dominiak et al. 2024, MNRAS 529, 1597 (MASSIVE XIX)

17. NGC 0997 | Large asymmetric disk (no robust measurement) (research_glm.md) vs 5.0±1.0 × 10^8 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | CO(2-1) | Dominiak et al. 2024, MNRAS 529, 1597 (MASSIVE XIX)

18. NGC 7469 | 1.0±0.2 × 10^7 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Nguyen et al. 2021, MNRAS 504, 4123

19. UGC 2698 | 2.46±0.07±0.70 × 10^9 M☉ | CO(2-1) | Cohn et al. 2021, ApJ 919, 77 | arXiv:2104.07779

20. NGC 1574 (improved) | 6.2±1.2 × 10^7 M☉ (research_glm.md) vs 5.6±1.0 × 10^8 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | CO(2-1) | Zhang et al. 2025, arXiv:2507.10662 (WISDOM XXV)

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Stellar Dynamical Measurements (Schwarzschild/JAM Modeling)

21. NGC 1453 | 2.70±0.30 × 10^9 M☉ | Schwarzschild | Liepold et al. 2020, ApJ 891, 4 | arXiv:2001.08753 (MASSIVE XV)

22. NGC 315 | 3.0±0.3 × 10^9 M☉ (research_glm.md) vs 1.60±0.30 × 10^9 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | Triaxial Schwarzschild | Pilawa et al. 2025, ApJ 989, 98 | arXiv:2504.01071 (MASSIVE XX)

23. NGC 2693 | 1.70±0.40 × 10^9 M☉ | Triaxial Schwarzschild | Pilawa et al. 2022, ApJ 928, 178 (MASSIVE XVII)

24. M87 | 8.70±1.80 × 10^9 M☉ | JAM (stellar) | Simon et al. 2024, MNRAS 527, 2341 | arXiv:2303.18229; Gas dynamics: 6.5±0.2 × 10^9 M☉ | Osorno et al. 2023, A&A 679, A37

25. NGC 3258 | 2.2±0.2 × 10^9 M☉ | Schwarzschild (MUSE) | Waters et al. 2024, ApJ 971, 149 | arXiv:2406.14623

26. NGC 4151 | 0.25-3.0 × 10^7 M☉ (range; steep cusp consistent with M=0) (research_glm.md) vs 5.00±1.40 × 10^7 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | Schwarzschild | Roberts et al. 2021, ApJ 916, 25

27. NGC 5273 | 1.4±0.5 × 10^7 M☉ (stellar) vs 0.47±0.16 × 10^7 M☉ (reverberation) (research_glm.md) vs 1.40±0.50 × 10^7 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | Schwarzschild | Merrell et al. 2023, ApJ 949, 13 | arXiv:2212.02484

28. NGC 4826 | 8.4±1.7 × 10^6 M☉ (research_glm.md) vs 5.50±1.50 × 10^6 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | Schwarzschild | Gültekin et al. 2024, ApJ 974, 16 | arXiv:2409.11575

29. NGC 4486B | 6.8±0.5 × 10^9 M☉ | Schwarzschild (JWST) | Tahmasebzadeh et al. 2025, ApJ Letters | arXiv:2505.14676

30. NGC 4736 | 1.60±0.16 × 10^7 M☉ | Stellar kinematics (JWST) | Nguyen et al. 2025, A&A 698, L9 | arXiv:2505.09941

31. MCG-06-30-15 | 4.4±1.4 × 10^7 M☉ | Schwarzschild (FORSTAND) | Das et al. 2025, arXiv:2509.01017

32. NGC 1277 | 5.00±1.10 × 10^9 M☉ | Schwarzschild | Walsh et al. 2016, ApJ 817, 2

33. NGC 3998 | 2.0±0.4 × 10^8 M☉ | Stellar dynamics | Walsh et al. 2012, ApJ 753, 79

34. Six new SMBH masses (SINFONI):

• NGC 584: 1.3±0.5 × 10^8 M☉
• NGC 2784: 1.0±0.6 × 10^8 M☉
• NGC 3640: 7.7±5.0 × 10^7 M☉
• NGC 4281: 5.4±0.8 × 10^8 M☉
• NGC 4570: 6.8±2.0 × 10^7 M☉
• NGC 7049: 3.2±0.8 × 10^8 M☉ | AO-assisted SINFONI | Thater et al. 2019, A&A 625, 62 | arXiv:1903.08319

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JWST NIRSpec Measurements

35. NGC 4736 | 1.60±0.16 × 10^7 M☉ | Stellar kinematics (JWST/NIRSpec IFU) | Nguyen et al. 2025, A&A 698, L9 | arXiv:2505.09941

36. NGC 4486B | 3.6±0.7 × 10^8 M☉ | Stellar kinematics (JWST/NIRSpec IFU) | Tahmasebzadeh et al. 2025, ApJ Letters | arXiv:2505.14676

37. UCD736 (Virgo UCD) | 2.1±1.1 × 10^6 M☉ | Stellar dynamics (JWST/NIRSpec+IFU) | Taylor et al. 2025, ApJ Letters 991, L24 | arXiv:2503.00113

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Megamaser Measurements

38. NGC 5728 | (Systematics prevent robust determination) | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2020, MNRAS 498, 1609

39. Mrk 1 | (Systematics prevent robust determination) | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2020, MNRAS 498, 1609

40. IRAS 08452-0011 | 3.30±0.20 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser (triple-peaked) | Kuo et al. 2020, MNRAS 498, 1609

41. CGCG 074-064 | 2.42±0.22 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser | Pesce et al. 2020, ApJ 890, 118 (Megamaser Cosmology Project XI)

42. UGC 6093 | 2.58 × 10^7 M☉ (±7%) | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2018, ApJ 857, AAA95 (Megamaser Cosmology Project X)

43. J1346+5228 | 1.5-2.0 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2018, ApJ 857, AAA95 (Megamaser Cosmology Project X)

44. NGC 6926 | <4.8 × 10^7 M☉ (upper limit) | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2018, ApJ 857, AAA95 (Megamaser Cosmology Project X)

45. NGC 4258 (M106) | 3.98±0.09 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser (template) | Multiple studies; original: Miyoshi et al. 1995, Nature

46. J0437+2456 | 2.9±0.3 × 10^6 M☉ | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2011, ApJ 834, 52 (Megamaser Cosmology Project IX)

47. ESO 558-G009 | 1.7±0.1 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2011, ApJ 834, 52 (Megamaser Cosmology Project IX)

48. NGC 5495 | 1.1±0.2 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2011, ApJ 834, 52 (Megamaser Cosmology Project IX)

49. NGC 1320 | (Indicative mass only; complicated geometry) | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2011, ApJ 834, 52 (Megamaser Cosmology Project IX)

50. NGC 4388 | 3.0±0.6 × 10^6 M☉ | H2O maser | Kuo et al. 2011, ApJ 737, 87

51. UGC 3789 | ~10^7 M☉ (early measurement) | H2O maser | Reid et al. 2009, ApJ 695, 287 (Megamaser Cosmology Project I)

52. NGC 5765b | 4.55±0.40 × 10^7 M☉ | H2O maser | Reid et al. 2016, ApJ 796, 8 (Megamaser Cosmology Project VIII)

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Galactic Center

53. Sgr A* | 4.297±0.012 × 10^6 M☉ (research_glm.md) vs 4.00±0.01 × 10^6 M☉ (test_bh_compilation.md) | Stellar orbits (2022) + GRAVITY flares (2023) | GRAVITY Collaboration 2022, A&A 657, L12; GRAVITY Collaboration 2023, A&A 692, A242 | arXiv:2409.12261

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High-Redshift Dynamical Measurements

54. J0313-1806 (z=7.64) | 1.60±0.40 × 10^9 M☉ | [CII] dynamics (ALMA) | Neeleman et al. 2021, ApJ 911, L37

55. J0920 (z=6.3) | 3.2 × 10^8 M☉ (distant BH) | GRAVITY+ interferometry | Abuter et al. 2024, Nature 627, 281

56. High-z quasar (z~2.5, Nature 2024) | 3.0±0.5 × 10^10 M☉ | [CII] dynamics | Abuter et al. 2024, Nature 627, 281

57. J2348-3054 (z=4.5) | 4.0±1.0 × 10^9 M☉ | [CII] dynamics | Decarli et al. 2018, ApJ 854, 97

58. PSO J0309+27 (z=6.1) | 3.0±1.0 × 10^9 M☉ | [CII] dynamics | Wang et al. 2021, ApJ 907, 6

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Dual/Binary Black Hole Dynamical Detections

59. 0402+379 (4C+37.11) | 2.8±0.3 × 10^9 M☉ and 1.5±0.3 × 10^9 M☉ | Maser (dual BH) | Rodriguez et al. 2006, Nature 440, 531; Updated: Bansal et al. 2017, ApJ 845, 174

60. CID-42 (z=0.359) | MBH1 ~ 3×10^7 M☉, MBH2 ~ 10^6 M☉ | Stellar dynamics | Civano et al. 2010, ApJ 717, 209; Updated analyses

61. NGC 7674 | Dual AGN candidate | Gas dynamics | Kharb et al. 2017, ApJ 846, 28

62. SDSS J0952+2143 | Dual AGN | Stellar dynamics | Liu et al. 2018, ApJ 864, 39

63. HSC J0859+0347 (z=0.32) | SMBH binary candidate | Stellar dynamics | Chen et al. 2022, ApJ 941, 123

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OVERLAP ANALYSIS BETWEEN SOURCES

Sources Present in Both Files with Same Values

The following sources appear in both files with identical or nearly identical mass measurements:

1. NGC 4697 - 1.30±0.30 × 10^8 M☉
2. NGC 524 - 8.10±0.60 × 10^8 M☉ (improved measurement)
3. NGC 612 (PKS 0316-180) - 2.40±0.70 × 10^9 M☉
4. NGC 7469 - 1.0±0.2 × 10^7 M☉
5. NGC 1453 - 2.70±0.30 × 10^9 M☉
6. NGC 2693 - 1.70±0.40 × 10^9 M☉
7. M87 - 8.70±1.80 × 10^9 M☉ (stellar), 6.5±0.2 × 10^9 M☉ (gas)
8. NGC 3258 - 2.2±0.2 × 10^9 M☉ (stellar)
9. MCG-06-30-15 - 4.4±1.4 × 10^7 M☉
10. NGC 1277 - 5.00±1.10 × 10^9 M☉
11. J0313-1806 (z=7.64) - 1.60±0.40 × 10^9 M☉
12. J2348-3054 (z=4.5) - 4.0±1.0 × 10^9 M☉
13. PSO J0309+27 (z=6.1) - 3.0±1.0 × 10^9 M☉

Sources Present in Both Files with Different Values

The following sources appear in both files but with different mass measurements or uncertainties:

1. NGC 3665 - research_glm.md: 5.75±1.49 × 10^8 M☉ vs test_bh_compilation.md: 3.00±0.30 × 10^8 M☉ (difference: ~2×)

2. NGC 4429 - Different CO line transition noted: research_glm.md: CO(3-2) vs test_bh_compilation.md: CO(2-1)

3. NGC 383 - research_glm.md: 3.58±0.19 × 10^9 M☉ vs test_bh_compilation.md: 5.84±0.29 × 10^9 M☉ (5% precision)

4. NGC 4261 - research_glm.md: 1.62±0.04 × 10^9 M☉ vs test_bh_compilation.md: 4.90±0.50 × 10^8 M☉ (difference: ~3×, order of magnitude difference)

5. NGC 4751 - research_glm.md: 3.43±0.54 × 10^9 M☉ (constant M/L) or 2.79±1.05 × 10^9 M☉ (varying M/L) vs test_bh_compilation.md: 3.6±0.7 × 10^9 M☉

6. NGC 1380 - Different citations: research_glm.md: 1.47 × 10^8 M☉ (±~40%) citing Kabasares et al. 2022, ApJ 934, 162 vs test_bh_compilation.md: 5.10±1.40 × 10^8 M☉ citing Cohn et al. 2022, ApJ 940, 94

7. NGC 6861 - research_glm.md: 1-3 × 10^9 M☉ (range) vs test_bh_compilation.md: 6.00±2.10 × 10^8 M☉ (outside range)

8. PGC 11179 (ESO 410-G010) - research_glm.md: 1.91±0.04 × 10^9 M☉ vs test_bh_compilation.md: 5.0±2.0 × 10^8 M☉ (difference: ~4×)

9. NGC 1684 - research_glm.md: 1.40±0.44 × 10^9 M☉ vs test_bh_compilation.md: 1.0±0.2 × 10^9 M☉

10. NGC 0997 - research_glm.md: Large asymmetric disk (no robust measurement) vs test_bh_compilation.md: 5.0±1.0 × 10^8 M☉

11. NGC 1574 (improved) - research_glm.md: 6.2±1.2 × 10^7 M☉ vs test_bh_compilation.md: 5.6±1.0 × 10^8 M☉ (difference: ~9×)

12. NGC 315 - research_glm.md: 3.0±0.3 × 10^9 M☉ vs test_bh_compilation.md: 1.60±0.30 × 10^9 M☉ (difference: ~2×)

13. NGC 4151 - research_glm.md: 0.25-3.0 × 10^7 M☉ (range) vs test_bh_compilation.md: 5.00±1.40 × 10^7 M☉

14. NGC 5273 - research_glm.md: 1.4±0.5 × 10^7 M☉ (stellar) vs test_bh_compilation.md: 1.40±0.50 × 10^7 M☉ (consistent, but research_glm.md also includes reverberation: 0.47±0.16 × 10^7 M☉)

15. NGC 4826 - research_glm.md: 8.4±1.7 × 10^6 M☉ vs test_bh_compilation.md: 5.50±1.50 × 10^6 M☉ (difference: ~1.5×)

16. Sgr A* - research_glm.md: 4.297±0.012 × 10^6 M☉ vs test_bh_compilation.md: 4.00±0.01 × 10^6 M☉

Sources Unique to research_glm.md

The following sources appear only in research_glm.md:

1. UGC 2698 - 2.46±0.07±0.70 × 10^9 M☉ (ALMA CO)
2. UCD736 (Virgo UCD) - 2.1±1.1 × 10^6 M☉ (JWST/NIRSpec+IFU)
3. CGCG 074-064 - 2.42±0.22 × 10^7 M☉ (H2O maser)
4. UGC 6093 - 2.58 × 10^7 M☉ (±7%) (H2O maser)
5. J1346+5228 - 1.5-2.0 × 10^7 M☉ (H2O maser)
6. NGC 6926 - <4.8 × 10^7 M☉ (upper limit) (H2O maser)
7. J0437+2456 - 2.9±0.3 × 10^6 M☉ (H2O maser)
8. ESO 558-G009 - 1.7±0.1 × 10^7 M☉ (H2O maser)
9. NGC 5495 - 1.1±0.2 × 10^7 M☉ (H2O maser)
10. NGC 1320 - Indicative mass only; complicated geometry (H2O maser)
11. UGC 3789 - ~10^7 M☉ (early measurement) (H2O maser)
12. NGC 5765b - 4.55±0.40 × 10^7 M☉ (H2O maser)
13. J0920 (z=6.3) - 3.2 × 10^8 M☉ (distant BH) (GRAVITY+ interferometry)

Note: research_glm.md also contains detailed JWST NIRSpec entries for NGC 4736 and NGC 4486B that overlap with the stellar dynamical entries.

Sources Unique to test_bh_compilation.md

The following sources appear only in test_bh_compilation.md:

1. NGC 3998 - 2.0±0.4 × 10^8 M☉ (stellar dynamics, Walsh et al. 2012)
2. NGC 5728 - Systematics prevent robust determination (H2O maser)
3. Mrk 1 - Systematics prevent robust determination (H2O maser)
4. IRAS 08452-0011 - 3.30±0.20 × 10^7 M☉ (H2O maser, triple-peaked)
5. NGC 4258 (M106) - 3.98±0.09 × 10^7 M☉ (H2O maser template)
6. NGC 4388 - 3.0±0.6 × 10^6 M☉ (H2O maser)
7. High-z quasar (z~2.5, Nature 2024) - 3.0±0.5 × 10^10 M☉ ([CII] dynamics)
8. 0402+379 (4C+37.11) - 2.8±0.3 × 10^9 M☉ and 1.5±0.3 × 10^9 M☉ (maser dual BH)
9. CID-42 (z=0.359) - MBH1 ~ 3×10^7 M☉, MBH2 ~ 10^6 M☉ (stellar dynamics)
10. NGC 7674 - Dual AGN candidate (gas dynamics)
11. SDSS J0952+2143 - Dual AGN (stellar dynamics)
12. HSC J0859+0347 (z=0.32) - SMBH binary candidate (stellar dynamics)

Reference Differences

Several sources cite different papers between the two files:

1. NGC 1380:

   • research_glm.md: Kabasares et al. 2022, ApJ 934, 162
   • test_bh_compilation.md: Cohn et al. 2022, ApJ 940, 94

2. NGC 4751:

   • research_glm.md: Dominiak et al. 2024, arXiv:2404.11260
   • test_bh_compilation.md: Dominiak et al. 2025, arXiv:2404.11260 (year difference)

3. NGC 2693:

   • research_glm.md: Pilawa et al. 2022, ApJ 928, 178
   • test_bh_compilation.md: Peabody et al. 2022, ApJ 928, 178 (author name difference)

Sectional Differences

• research_glm.md includes a dedicated "JWST NIRSpec Measurements" section with 3 entries, while test_bh_compilation.md integrates JWST measurements into other sections.
• test_bh_compilation.md includes a "Dual/Binary Black Hole Dynamical Detections" section with 5 entries that is absent from research_glm.md.
• research_glm.md includes more detailed megamaser entries from the Megamaser Cosmology Project (entries IX, X, XI).
• test_bh_compilation.md includes more recent or updated megamaser measurements and additional stellar dynamical measurements.

Methodology Notes

Both files include similar methodology sections for WISDOM, stellar dynamics, megamaser, and JWST measurements, with slight variations in emphasis:

• research_glm.md focuses more on WISDOM project papers and includes specific WISDOM Roman numeral references (I, II, III, IV, V, VII, XIV, XIX, XXII, XXV, XXVI).
• test_bh_compilation.md includes a more comprehensive "References by Method" section organized by measurement technique.

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Notes and Methodologies

WISDOM Project Methodology

The WISDOM (mm-Wave Interferometric Survey of Dark Object Masses) project uses ALMA observations of CO emission to trace molecular gas kinematics in galaxy centers. The technique exploits the fact that molecular gas is typically dynamically cold (low velocity dispersion), making it an excellent tracer of the gravitational potential.

Key papers:

• WISDOM I (2017, MNRAS 468, 4663): NGC 3665
• WISDOM II (2017, MNRAS 468, 4675): NGC 4697
• WISDOM III (2018, MNRAS 480, 4214): NGC 4429
• WISDOM IV (2019, MNRAS 485, 4359): NGC 524
• WISDOM V (2019, MNRAS 490, 319): NGC 383
• WISDOM VII (2021, MNRAS 503, 5984): NGC 7052
• WISDOM XIV (2023, arXiv:2304.06117): NGC 612, NGC 1574, NGC 4261
• WISDOM XIX (2024, MNRAS 529, 1597): NGC 1684, NGC 0997
• WISDOM XXII (2025, MNRAS 537, 520): NGC 383 (5% precision)
• WISDOM XXV (2025, arXiv:2507.10662): NGC 1574 (improved)
• WISDOM XXVI (2024, arXiv:2404.11260): NGC 4751

Stellar Dynamics Methodology

Stellar dynamical measurements typically employ:

• Schwarzschild orbit-superposition method: Builds triaxial stellar orbit libraries to fit observed kinematics
• Jeans Anisotropic Modeling (JAM): Simpler axisymmetric model that can be applied to large IFU datasets
• TriOS code: Modern triaxial Schwarzschild modeling code (Pilawa et al. 2024, arXiv:2403.07996)

Megamaser Methodology

Water megamasers in Keplerian rotation provide the most geometrically direct SMBH mass measurements through VLBI imaging of the maser spots. The Megamaser Cosmology Project has surveyed thousands of nearby AGN (Kuo et al. 2020, MNRAS 498, 1609).

JWST Impact

Recent JWST observations (particularly NIRSpec IFU) are enabling SMBH mass measurements in galaxies previously inaccessible due to distance or obscuration.

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Compiled January 13, 2026. This list represents dynamically-measured SMBH masses from peer-reviewed publications and major arXiv preprints, compiled from both research_glm.md and test_bh_compilation.md. All entries include direct links to ADS abstracts and arXiv preprints where available. Discrepancies between sources are noted in the overlap analysis section above.