Revision 1.0 Created on June 26th, 2000 Last Revised on March 31st, 2020 Adapted from "C++ Coding Standards" The Corelinux Consortium

The principle function of this document is to establish a consistent standard, which will provide for easier maintenance of code. This will benefit the team and the project in that those who are new to the code can quickly orient themselves, and thereby sooner become productive members of the team. It is intended to be a dynamic document and can be reviewed as needed. It is recommended that each programmer keep a copy on hand also.

The following document sections contain standards, guidelines, and rationales. Guidelines must be adhered to unless there is compelling reason to deviate. Deviation from a guideline must be discussed and approved during the code walk-through. A standard is an item to which compliance is mandatory. Deviation from a standard must be discussed, approved, and signed-off on by the team lead during the code walk-through. Rationales have been used where necessary to explain the meaning of an item, or why it was chosen.

General Principles - This section contains the basic philosophy a developer should keep in mind while coding.

Comments - This section deals with the placement and contents of comments in the code.

Code Layout - This section has to do with the alignment of the code, white space, declarations and keywords, and where they should all be located.

Naming Conventions - This section contains the structure for naming classes, functions, files, and directories.

Usage - This section concerns the 'how' and 'when' certain constructs should be used (for example, loops, inheritance, error handling, etc.)

File Layout - This section applies to where things should be located in header files and modules.

Coding Examples - This section contains an example of a header file and module which conform to the C++ Coding Standard.

The primary goal of the coding standard is maintainability. Other important considerations that relate to the spirit of the standard include correctness, readability, consistency, extensibility, portability, clarity, and simplicity. When in doubt, the programmer should strive for clarity first, then efficiency.

Think of the reader. Do not just write for yourself. Keep it simple. Break down complexity into simpler chunks. Clearly comment necessary complexity. Be explicit. Avoid implicit or obscure language features. Be consistent. Minimize scope, both logical and visual.

Guideline 1 - Be clear and concise. Say what is happening and why. Do not restate code.

Guideline 2 - Keep code and comments visually separate.

Standard 1 - Use top of file comments for all files. The comments should be JSDoc/Doxygen compatible

Here is an example of a good header for a file:

JSDOC Style (preferred)
/**
* Header file for the Rendering contexts i.e. rendering surface inside windows
* @author Kenneth Hurley
*/

Standard 2 - Use header comments for all functions. The size of the comment should mirror the size and complexity of the code. Class interface functions and procedures should be commented in the header.

Standard 3 -- Include comment headers for interfaces inside the .h file. A well-formed .h file should look like the following:

/**
* Header file for the Rendering contexts i.e. rendering surface inside windows
* @author Kenneth Hurley
*/

    #ifndef IRENDERCONTEXT_H
    #define IRENDERCONTEXT_H

    class IConfig;
    class IRenderView;
    class IRenderWindow;

    /** 
    * Context for Rendering objects into.  
    * Render contexts have rendering windows attached to them before they can be used.
    */

    class IRenderContext
    {
    public:
        /** Attach a Rendering windows to a rendering context.
        * @param rendWin - The window to attach to the context
        * @return false on failure
        */
    	virtual BOOL AttachRenderWindow(IRenderWindow *rendWin) = 0;
        /**
        * Get the number of rendering views inside the context
        * @return the count of current rendering views
        */
    	virtual DWORD GetRenderViewCount() = 0;
        /**
        * Get one of the views associated with the context
        * @param index - index # of the internal rendering view
        * @param pRV - pointer to receive the IRenderView interface pointer
        * @return false on failure
        */
    	virtual BOOL GetRenderView(DWORD index, IRenderView **pRV) = 0;
    };

    #endif	  // #ifndef IRENDERCONTEXT_H

Standard (.cpp) 1 - Use only the C++ comment style (double slashes) for single line comments.

Guideline 3 - For block comment styles either C++ (double slashes) or C style (/* ... */) can be used.

// \...

- OR -

// \... //

- OR -

/\* \... \*/

Guideline 4 - Prefer block comments to trailing comments. Use block comments regularly. Only use trailing comments for special items.

Standard 4 - Trailing comments must all start in the same column in the function.

Standard 5 - Trailing comments at a closing brace are indented one level from brace.

Standard 6 - Block comments are at the same indentation level as the block they describe.

Standard 7 - Ensure comments are correct (and stay correct).

Guideline 5 - Write code in a series of chunks.

Guideline 6 - Use block comments to separate the chunks.

Standard 8 - Put one statement per line, except with in-line code in a header file.

Guideline 7 - Functions shall have a single exit point.

Rationale: Multiple exit points usually add to the complexity of a function. Post conditions and invariant checks must also be performed prior to each return.

Standard 9 - Indentation level is (1) one tab or (4) four spaces.

Standard 10 Braces are recommended to be aligned using Ulman style where the braces are at the same scope as the statement that proceeds them and the code within the braces is indented one level. Braces are always on a line by themselves.

    void doSomething( void )
    {
    	if( x != y )
    	{
    	    y = x;
    	}
    	else
    	{
    	    ...
    	}
    }

- NOT -

    void doSomething( void )
    {
    	if( x != y )
    	{
    	y = x; // should be indented
    	}
    	else
    	{
    	...
    	}
    }

- OR -

    void doSomething( void )
    {
    	if( x != y )
    	    { // brace is not the same scope
    	        y = x;
    	    }
    	else
    	    {
    	        ...
            }
    }

- This is OK, but preferred Ulman style -

    void doSomething( void )
    {
    	if( x != y ){ // brace is not on a line by itself
    	    y = x;
    	}
    	else {
    	    ...
    	}
    }

Standard 11 - While, for and if statements shall always use braces, even if they are not syntactically required.

Guideline 8 - Use parenthesis to group within a statement and to emphasize evaluation order.

Guideline 9 - Avoid unnecessary parentheses.

Guideline 10 - Avoid deep (more than three) levels of parenthesis nesting.

Standard 12 - Order declarations as storage class specifier, type specifier as described in ISO/IEC 14882 C++ standard, section 7.1.

Standard 13 - Start each declaration on a new line.

Standard 14 - Enumeration declarations will be declared with named constants in upper case and the identifier specified as described in Naming conventions.

    enum Identifier
    {
    	ONE,
    	TWO,
    	THREE
    };

- OR -

    enum Identifier
    {
    	ONE = 1,
    	TWO,
    	THREE
    };

Standard 15 - All variables must be initialized.

Guideline 11 - Use vertical alignment to ease scanning of declarations.

    String 	aStringToUse;
    Int 	anInt;
    Real 	aRealNumberToUse;

- instead of -

    String aStringToUse;
    Int anInt;
    Real aRealNumberToUse;

Standard 16 - Do not create anonymous types (structs), except in a class declaration where a private structure is declared.

Guideline 12 - Most if statements should be followed by an else statement.

Standard 17 - Nested else if statements shall be indented as normal statements, the if shall appear on the same line as the else.

Standard 18 - Indent cases one level from the switch and indent the code one level beyond the case. The break statement is at the same indentation level as the code.

Standard 19 - All switch statements shall have a default case.

    switch( variable )
    {
    	// ...
    	case 1:
    	    break;
    	// ...
    	case 2:
    	    break;
    	// ...
    	default:
    	    break;

Standard 20 - Put the while in a do while statement on the same line as the closing brace.

    do
    {
        ++x;
    } while(x < y);

Guideline 13 - Preprocessor directives should be avoided whenever possible.

Standard 21 -- For header files use the standard #include method:

    #include <Common.hpp>

Standard 22 - Multi-statement macros shall have one statement per line.

    #define MULTIPLE_LINE_MACRO( s ) \
    ++(s); \
    (s) = ((s) % 3 ? ++(s) : (s) )

[NOTE:] Adhere to the indentation standard.

Standard 23 - Do not use spaces in object de-references.

    val = *pFoo; // ok
    val = * pFoo; // wrong

Standard 24 - Do not space between an unary operator and its operand, but do space the other side.

Standard 25 - Balance spacing on either side of binary operators.

Standard 26 - Do not space before separators ( semicolon, argument comma separator ) but do space the other side.

Guideline 14 - It is acceptable to put a space before the semicolon that terminates a statement, as long as it is consistent throughout the function.

Standard 27 - Balance spacing inside parenthesis.

Standard 28 - Do not space between function name and parenthesis, but space after open parenthesis and before close parenthesis with the exception of no arguments. e.g.

    void doFunction( void ) // ok
    void doFunction( ObjectRef aRef ) // ok
    void doFunction(ObjectRef aRef) // wrong
    void doFunction( ObjectRef aRef) // wrong
    void doFunction() // ok

Standard 29 - Use blank lines before and after block comments.

Standard 30 - Use vertical alignment to indicate association.

Guideline 15 - No line of code should extend beyond column 78.

Rationale: When the audience for the source and headers of a project may reach thousands, if not more, readability and continuity become prime factors for comprehension. Additionally, in a multideveloper environment, the potential for disjoint style is personified with no restrictions on column length.

Standard 31 - When wrapping lines, indent the continuation line past the current indent column.

    Int val(2);
    cout << "This is an example where I wrap "
    	<< val
    	<< " lines of code" << endl;

Standard 32 - Wrap assignments past the equal sign.

    ObjectMapConstIterator aItr;

    aItr = theMapOfObjects.begin();

Standard 33 - Wrap conditional expressions after the operators.

    if( theNameOfTheGame == aGameName &&
    	theTimeBeingPlayed > aLimit )
    {
    	// ...
    }

Standard 34 - Wrap for statements after the semi-colons.

    for (itMass = mass.begin(); itMass != mass.end(); 
    	itMass++)

Standard 35 - Wrap long function signatures after a parameter comma with indentation.

    void ClassMethod::setValues(ObjectCref a1, ObjectCref a2, StringCref aName,
    	IntCref aValue, ...)
    {
    	...
    }

Standard 36 - Spell words using correct English spelling. For the most part, avoid abbreviations.

Rationale: The reader much better understands the semantics of a type when they have names like "SpeakerCabinet" instead of "spkcb".

Guideline 16 - Make names clearly unique. Avoid similar-sounding names and similarly-spelled names.

    Int 	aCount;
    String 	aName;
    Object 	aPerson;

- INSTEAD OF -

    Int x1;
    String x2;
    Object x3;

Standard 37 - Make all identifiers unique within a function.

Standard 38 - Use mixed case to distinguish name segments instead of underscores.

    WellFormedObject 	aObject; // ok
    non_standard_form aObject; // wrong

Standard 39 - Types start with an upper case letter and use mixed case to separate name segments. (i.e. String, BigCar).

Standard 40 - Variables and objects names that are data members of a class start with a `m_' and use mixed case thereafter:

    class Foo
    {
    public:
    	//
    protected:
    	String m_Name;
    };

Standard 41 - Variables and objects names that are arguments or locals start with lower case `a'. (i.e. String aName; ).

Guideline 17 - Only use short variable names when they have limited scope and obvious meaning. Beware of them causing confusion.

Standard 42 Use capital letters to begin new name segments within the name.

Guideline 18 - Name functions with verb-noun (verb object) combinations.

Guideline 19 - Name variables and structures with noun, adjective noun combinations.

Standard 43 - Accessor methods start with the word 'Get' and should be const.

Standard 44 - Boolean accessor functions start with 'Is' and return bool.

Standard 45 - Mutator procedures start with the word 'Set' and don't return values.

    class Foo
    {
    public:
    	//
    	// Accessor
    	//
    	String GetName( void ) const;

    	bool IsNameEmpty( void ) const;
    	//
    	// Mutator
    	//
    	void SetName( String aName );

    protected:
    	String m_Name;
    };

Standard 46 - Factory instantiation functions start with the word 'Create'.

    ThreadPtr CreateThread( void );

Standard 47 - Factory destruction functions start with the word 'Destroy'.

    void DestroyThread( ThreadPtr );

Standard 48 - Use project names in source include statements:

    #if !defined(__SOMETHING_HPP)
    #define (__SOMETHING_HPP)
    #if !defined(__COMMON_HPP)
    #include <corelinux/Common.hpp> // Correct
    #include <Common.hpp> // While also correct,
    	// there is too much assumption on environment
    #endif
    ...
    #endif

Guideline 20 - Name files like variables, describing the functions they contain. Long file names are encouraged.

Standard 49 - Use .cpp and .hpp for class definition source and header file suffixes.

Guideline 21 - Use .c and .h extensions for 'C' style source and header files. 'C' code is discouraged.

Guideline 22 - Any procedural code written should be compiled in C++.

Rationale: C++ compilers provide much stricter type checking than C compilers. The stronger type checking is well worth using, even if the code does not take advantage of the object oriented features of C++.

Guideline 23 - Name directories like nested structures.

Guideline 24 - There are no circumstances where goto is allowed.

Guideline 25 - Avoid deep nesting of statements, parentheses, and structures.

Guideline 26 - All assignments shall stand alone, unless a series of variables are being assigned to the same value.

Standard 50 - Do not use comparisons in mathematical expressions.

    numberOfDays = ( isLeapYear() == TRUE ) + 28; // not OK

Guideline 27 - All non-boolean comparison expressions should use a comparison operator. Do not use implicit ! = 0.

    REQUIRE( aObjectPtr != NULLPTR ); // good
    REQUIRE( aObjectPtr ); // bad

Guideline 28 - Avoid assignment in comparisons, except where the alternative is significantly more complex.

Standard 51 - Use explicit casting, instead of the compiler default.

    Dword aUnsignedValue(0);
    Real 	aRealValue(3.7);
    aBigValue = Dword(aRealValue);

Also note that the class operator overloads should be used as a preference for upcasting and downcasting:

    class Foo
    {
    public:
    	//
    	// Accessor
    	//
    	operator Dword( void ) const
    	{
    		return Dword( m_Value );
    	}
    	operator Short( void ) const
    	{
    		return Short( m_Value );
    	}
    	//
    	// Mutator
    	//
    protected:
    	Real m_Value;
    };

Guideline 29 - Default to pre-increment and pre-decrement unless the post-increment/decrement operators are logically necessary.

Guideline 30 - Minimize negative comparisons.

Guideline 32 - Minimize use of the comma operator.

Guideline 33 - Use if (cond) . . . else rather than conditional expressions ( (cond) ? : ) if only to clarify the intended operation.

Guideline 34 - Use nested if only to clarify the intended order of evaluation.

    if ( foo() == true )
    {
    	if ( bar() == true )
    	{
    	}
    }

- VERSUS -

    if ( foo() && bar() )
    {
    }

Standard 52 - In a switch statement, make all cases independent by using break at the end of each. All switch statements should have a default. This is also true for if...else if...else blocks.

Standard 53 Use if...else for two alternative actions. Put the major action first.

Guideline 35 - Count for loops in ascending.

Standard 54 - Use for loops when the loop control needs initializing or recalculating; otherwise, use while.

Standard 55 - Use while( 1 ) to implement an infinite loop. Make its usage clear with comments.

Guideline 36 - Be careful with the logic of do loops. Use do...while( !(...) ) to loop until a comparison becomes true.

Guideline 37 - Minimize use of break in loops. Only use it for abnormal escape.

Guideline 38 - Use continue sparingly. Clearly comment why continue is used.

3# 6.3. Data

Standard 56 - Use NULLPTR with pointers only. ( #define NULLPTR 0 should declared in types.hpp ).

Guideline 39 - Use RTTI where appropriate.

Rationale: The developer may not want to compile with RTTI for whatever reason. You should consider using templates if type reasoning is required. On the other hand, RTTI is part of the C++ 14882 (1998E) standard.

Guideline 40 - Beware of operations with constants going out of range.

Standard 57 - Use single-quoted characters for character constants, but never single-quote more than one character (or hex for non-printing).

Standard 58 - Use sizeof rather than a constant.

Standard 59 - Do not compare floating-point numbers for equality.

Standard 60 - Assign to all data members in operator=.

Standard 61 - Check for assignment to this in operator=. If assignment to this is attempted, simply return from the function.

    MyClassRef MyClass::operator=( MyClassCref aRef )
    {
    	if ( this != &aRef )
    	{
    		// do the assignment
    		...
    	}
    	else
    	{
    		...
    	}

    	return *this;
    }

Standard 62 - Make sure operator= invokes any parents' operator=, except with virtual inheritance.

Standard 63 - Always define a default and copy constructor as well as an assignment operator for a class. Make these functions private if they should not be used.

Rationale: The compiler will create these for you if you don't. It is the side effects and tracking down of such that is avoided with explicitly defining them.

Guideline 41 - Prefer assignment in constructor over initialization.

    MyClass::MyClass( void )
    {
    	theAlpha = 0;
    	theBeta = 0;
    	theGamma = 0;
    }

- INSTEAD OF -

    MyClass::MyClass( void ) :
    	theAlpha(0),
    	theBeta(0),
    	theGamma(0)
    {
    	...
    }

Standard 64 - Make destructor virtual in all polymorphic classes, or classes where the potential is high.

Standard 65 - A constructor should put its object in a well-defined state. At the end of the constructor, the object must satisfy its class invariant.

Standard 66 - A constructor that fails shall throw an exception.

Standard 67 - Explicitly initialize static data.

Standard 68 - Initialize all variables at the time they are declared to the appropriate value. If the value is not yet known, initialize pointers to NULLPTR and simple types to zero.

Standard 69 - List members in a constructor initialization list in order in which they are declared in the class header.

Guideline 42 - All data should be defined toward the top of a function.

Standard 70 - Use floating-point numbers only where necessary.

Standard 71 - Do not use global data. Consider putting global information in the context of a static class.

Guideline 43 - Make sure interface definitions are clear and sufficient.

Guideline 44 - Defend against system, program and user errors. Heavy use of assertions and exceptions are encouraged.

Guideline 45 - Enable the user and the maintainer to find sufficient information to understand an error. Include enough diagnostic information to give an accurate picture of why the error occurred.

Guideline 46 - Do not use arbitrary, predefined limits ( e.g. on symbol table entries, user names,

file names).

Guideline 47 - Make code more testable by reducing complexity.

Standard 72 - When coding, use exactly the same names as in the object model.

Standard 73 - Use the same form in corresponding calls to new and delete (i.e. new Foo uses delete FooPtr and new Foo[ 100 ] uses delete [] FooArray.)

Guideline 48 - Know what C++ silently creates and calls (e.g. default constructor, copy constructor, assignment operator, address-of operators(const and not), and the destructor for a derived class where the base class's destructor is defined.)

Standard 73 - Ensure that objects (both simple and class) are initialized before they are used.

Standard 74 - Eradicate all compiler warnings. Any unavoidable warnings must be explicitly commented in the code. Unavoidable compiler warnings should be extremely rare.

Guideline 49 - Strive for class interfaces that are complete and minimal.

Guideline 50 - The programmer should only have to look at the .hpp file to use a class.

Standard 75 - Do not put data members in the public interface.

Standard 76 - Pass and return objects be reference instead of value whenever possible.

Standard 77 - If the passed object is not going to be modified then pass it as a const reference.

Standard 78 - The keyword class will appear in the left most column. If declaring the class in the scope of a namespace, then class will be indented appropriately.

Standard 79 - The member access controls appear flush with the class keyword.

Standard 80 - Access controls that have no members may be omitted.

Standard 81 - Access controls appear in the following order

    public: 		// Public method declarations
    protected: 	// Protected method declarations
    private: 	// Private method declarations
    protected: 	// Protected class data members
    private: 	// Private class data members

comments here are for clarification.

Standard 82 The virtual or static declarations appear in the first indentation level from the class declaration.

Standard 83 - The return type of a class method or the storage type of a class data member appear after the first tab position beyond the space were virtual applied.

Standard 84 Method identifiers follow the return type and should be reasonably lined with other method declarations.

Standard 85 - In each access control group for methods, Constructors are followed by destructor, followed by operator overloads, followed by accessors followed by mutators.

    class MyClass
    {
    public:
    	// Default constructor
    	MyClass( void )

    	// Copy constructor
    	// \param Object constant reference
    	MyClass( ObjectCref );

    	// Destructor
    	virtual ~MyClass( void );

    	// Equality operator overload
    	// \param MyClass constant reference
    	// \returns bool - true if equal, false otherwise
    	bool operator==( MyClassCref );

    	//
    	// Accessors
    	//
    	
    	// Get the number of MyClass instantiations.
    	// \returns Int const reference to count
    	*/
    	static IntCref getInstanceCount( void );

    	
    	// Return the object data member
    	// \returns Object const reference
    	ObjectCref getObject( void ) const;

    	//
    	// Mutators
    	//

    	// Sets the something thing
    	// \param Something const reference
    	virtual void setSomething( SomethingCref );

    protected:
    	// Copy never allowed
    	MyClass( MyClassCref ) throw(Assertion)
    	{
    		...
    	}

    	// Assignment operator denied
    	MyClassRef operator=( MyClassCref ) throw(Assertion)
    	{
    		...
    		return *this;
    	}
    private:
    	// No private methods
    protected:
    	// No protected data members
    private:
    	/// Class instance counter
    	static Int theInstanceCount;
    };

Guideline 51 - Don't return a reference, or pointer, when you must return an object, and don't return an object when you mean a reference.

Guideline 52 - Avoid overloading on a pointer and a numerical type. (i.e. foo( char * ) vs. foo( int ) { a call to foo( 0 ) is ambiguous).

Guideline 53 - Use static classes to partition the global namespace. (dated with C++ namespace )

Standard 86 - Do not return handles to internal data from const member functions. If a handle must be returned, make it const.

Standard 87 - Avoid member functions that return pointers or references to members less accessible

than themselves. Use const!

Standard 88 Never return a reference to a local object or a de-referenced pointer initialized by new within the function.

Rationale: Obviously, when a function ends, the local object goes out of scope, and the reference is no longer valid. One might attempt to NEW the object in the function instead, but then who would call the corresponding DELETE?

Standard 89 - Use enums for integral class constants.

Guideline 54 - Use inlining judiciously.

Guideline 55 - Inlines cause code bloat, slow down compile times, eat up name space, and not all compilers handle them the same way.

As per sourceware.cygnus.com with the standards in this guide applied

Standard 90 - Template function indentation should follow the form

    template<class T> void doSomethingFunction( args )
    {
    	//
    }

- NOT -

    template<class T> void template_function( args ) {};

Rationale: In class definitions, without indentation white space is needed both above and below the declaration to distinguish it visually from other members.

Standard 91 Template class indentation should follow the form with what is not shown following the Section 6.8 on page 20.

    template<class T> class Base 
    {
    public: // Types:
    };

- NOT-

    template<class T> class Base { public: // Types:
    };

Guideline 56 - Make sure public inheritance models 'is-a'.

Guideline 57 Differentiate between inheritance of the interface and of the implementation, and prefer delegation to implementation inheritance.

Rationale: Inheritance of the interface only is forced by making a function pure virtual-its implementation must be defined by the derived class. Inheritance of implementation occurs when the function is declared as simple virtual-derived classes may or may not override the implementation.

Standard 92 - Never redefine an inherited non-virtual function.

Standard 93 - Never redefine an inherited default parameter value.

Standard 94 - A virtual function cannot strengthen a pre-condition or weaken a postcondition. Use the BASE_INVARIANT in the INVARIANT of the derived class.

Guideline 58 - Use private inheritance judiciously.

Guideline 59 - Differentiate between inheritance and templates.

Rationale: If the type of the object being manipulated does not affect the behavior or the class, then a template will do. However, if the type of the object DOES affect the behavior, then virtual functions should be used through inheritance.

Standard 95 - Factor our common code into an ancestor.

Guideline 60 - Encapsulate external code within an operation or class.

Guideline 61 - Keep member functions small, coherent and consistent.

Guideline 62 - Separate policy member functions (e.g. error and status checkers) from implementation member functions (computational).

Standard 96 - Do not use indirect function calls unless absolutely necessary.

Standard 97 - Write member functions for all combinations of input conditions. Avoid using modes to distinguish between conditions. Use member function overloading instead.

Standard 98 - Avoid case statements on object type; use member functions instead.

Standard 99 - Keep internal class structure hidden from other classes. Do not use global or public data.

Standard 100 - Do not traverse multiple links or member functions in a single statement. Invoke each member function via a temporary pointer or reference.

Standard 101 - Use const wherever a function, parameter or return value will not change.

Guideline 63 - All accessor functions should be const.

Standard 102 - Use exceptions rather than returning a failure status.

Standard 103 - Use assertions liberally.

Standard 104 - Derived classes must maintain the base class's invariant. This is to be verified by a call to

Standard 105 - Exceptions are to be specified in the signature of a class method declaration and definition.

Standard 106 - Exception type hierarchies should be created which reflect the domain.

Rationale: It is easier to reason with an Exception type rather than figuring out what the exception was through a text message.

    class Bridge : public CoreLinuxObject 
    {
    public:
    	/**
    	Bridge assignment operator
    	@param Bridge constant reference
    	@return Reference to *this
    	@exception Exception
    	*/
    	BridgeRef operator=( BridgeCref ) throw(Exception);
    };

    //
    // can't be reasoned with compared to:
    //
    class BridgeException : public Exception {..};

    class Bridge : public CoreLinuxObject
    {
    public:
    	/**
    	Bridge assignment operator
    	@param Bridge constant reference
    	@return Reference to *this
    	@exception BridgeException
    	*/
    	BridgeRef operator=( BridgeCref ) throw(BridgeException);
    };

    //
    // at a minimum, and
    //
    class BridgeException : public Exception {..};

    class SetImplementationException : public BridgeException {..};

    class Bridge : public CoreLinuxObject
    {
    public:
    	/**
    	Bridge assignment operator
    	@param Bridge constant reference
    	@return Reference to *this
    	@exception SetImplementationException
    	*/
    	BridgeRef operator=( BridgeCref ) throw(SetImplementationException);
    };

    //
    // being the most useful
    //

Guideline 64 - Use functional cohesion to group similarly items.

Guideline 65 Source files may be split up along boundaries between class administrator, accessor, mutator and provider functions.

Standard 107 - A class shall have a single header file.

Guideline 66 - Lay out data files to reflect the systems they serve.

Standard 108 - Do not reserve memory in header files.

Standard 109 Minimize header file interdependence.

Guideline 67 - Keep function length in code files to within one or two pages (100 lines).

Guideline 68 - Keep modules small. Each module should be functionally cohesive and should be as small as possible. Modules should not exceed 10-15 pages in length.

Guideline 69 - Classes with a large number of functions should break the implementation into several .CPP files. These files should be functionally cohesive.

Standard 110 - All headers must be wrapped to prevent multiple inclusion.

    #if !defined(MYHEADER_HPP)
    #define MYHEADER_HPP
    ...
    #endif /* MYHEADER_HPP */

- OR -

    #if !defined(MYHEADER_HPP)
    #define MYHEADER_HPP
    ...
    #endif /* MYHEADER_HPP */

Standard 111 - public, protected and private line appear between column 1 and 3 inclusive within a class definition.

Standard 112 - Types, returns, member names, functions must be lined up consistently in header.

Standard 113 - Trailing comments must be aligned within the module.

In some cases, you may need to handle situations where a conflict arises between the use of both your class and header files, and installed system or third-party files. This may result in either failed compilation or run-time library resolution problems.

Guideline 70 - Order system, or third party, includes before local header files.

Guideline 71 - Make use of namespaces defined by the provider.

Standard 114 -- Do not include #ifdef operating system into include files.

This pollutes the include files and makes them unreadable.

Instead of code like this:

    	#ifdef WINDOWS
    		…
    	#elif OSX
    		…
    	#endif

Use this

    	#include “Platform.h”

Which will contain the includes/defines for a particular OS. This also has the added benefit of using fast precompiled headers that speed up the build process.

And then setup the solution/make/cmake files to include per operating system include directories like this:

    Windows.mk

    $(INCLUDE) = “platform/windows/”

    Android.mk

    $(INCLUDE) = “platform/android/”

The Corelinux Consortium. The Corelinux C++ Coding Standards. The Corelinux Consortium, 1.6 edition, May 2000a..
Erich Gamma, et. Al. Design Patterns -- Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison Wesley, Boston, MA, 1995.
Alan Shalloway. Design Patterns Explained. Addison Wesley, Boston, MA. 2002.