benchmark_latest - CyrilB1531/lodestar GitHub Wiki

Latest known benchmark result, per method

Generated. Do not edit. Produced by .github/workflows/bench-nightly.yml from the wiki's own history, alongside nightly_run.

Not a comparison across methods. Each section below is the last night that method was actually re-run -- whichever night touched the source near it, not necessarily last night, and not the same night as its neighbours here. Every run measures on a GitHub hosted runner whose hardware differs night to night, so a number here says "this is the last known reading", never "faster than the section above it".

Per method

Lodestar.Gpu.Benchmarks.BitParallelEditDistanceBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-16, measured at commit 724c791262e7139428ab02fd4e70a6e05305bac7.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Texts	TextLength	Device	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
CpuBaseline	10000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	2.599 ms	0.0188 ms	0.0010 ms	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	4 B	1.00
GpuResident	10000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	5.034 ms	9.5171 ms	0.5217 ms	1.94	0.17	-	-	-	42832 B	10,708.00
GpuFromHost	10000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	5.581 ms	20.5345 ms	1.1256 ms	2.15	0.38	93.7500	93.7500	93.7500	471059 B	117,764.75

CpuBaseline	10000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	12.099 ms	0.0882 ms	0.0048 ms	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	16 B	1.00
GpuResident	10000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	9.266 ms	19.2470 ms	1.0550 ms	0.77	0.08	-	-	-	42840 B	2,677.50
GpuFromHost	10000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	11.473 ms	10.0008 ms	0.5482 ms	0.95	0.04	328.1250	328.1250	328.1250	2711059 B	169,441.19

CpuBaseline	200000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	51.284 ms	0.4519 ms	0.0248 ms	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	102 B	1.00
GpuResident	200000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	42.680 ms	21.2882 ms	1.1669 ms	0.83	0.02	-	-	-	802891 B	7,871.48
GpuFromHost	200000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	60.410 ms	293.5430 ms	16.0901 ms	1.18	0.27	375.0000	375.0000	375.0000	8071921 B	79,136.48

CpuBaseline	200000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	242.980 ms	1.9698 ms	0.1080 ms	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	341 B	1.00
GpuResident	200000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	141.782 ms	59.7071 ms	3.2727 ms	0.58	0.01	-	-	-	803080 B	2,355.07
GpuFromHost	200000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	196.560 ms	48.9818 ms	2.6849 ms	0.81	0.01	333.3333	333.3333	333.3333	52871293 B	155,047.78

Lodestar.Gpu.Benchmarks.ChainedProductBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-16, measured at commit 724c791262e7139428ab02fd4e70a6e05305bac7.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Rows	Width	Device	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
RoundTripped	2000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	1,833.506 ms	322.6532 ms	17.6857 ms	1.000	0.01	-	-	-	7.32 MB	1.00
Chained	2000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	1,785.777 ms	1,150.7003 ms	63.0738 ms	0.974	0.03	-	-	-	5.36 MB	0.73
CpuBaseline	2000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	1.582 ms	1.0514 ms	0.0576 ms	0.001	0.00	330.0781	330.0781	330.0781	1.47 MB	0.20

RoundTripped	2000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	7,201.796 ms	1,851.2048 ms	101.4708 ms	1.000	0.02	1000.0000	1000.0000	1000.0000	36.88 MB	1.00
Chained	2000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	7,318.144 ms	2,547.7987 ms	139.6534 ms	1.016	0.02	1000.0000	1000.0000	1000.0000	35.38 MB	0.96
CpuBaseline	2000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	6.098 ms	1.5072 ms	0.0826 ms	0.001	0.00	492.1875	492.1875	492.1875	5.86 MB	0.16

RoundTripped	20000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	7,356.624 ms	1,534.9147 ms	84.1339 ms	1.000	0.01	1000.0000	1000.0000	1000.0000	44.09 MB	1.00
Chained	20000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	7,288.447 ms	632.5131 ms	34.6702 ms	0.991	0.01	1000.0000	1000.0000	1000.0000	42.18 MB	0.96
CpuBaseline	20000	32	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	6.309 ms	4.4251 ms	0.2426 ms	0.001	0.00	390.6250	390.6250	390.6250	5.86 MB	0.13

RoundTripped	20000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	29,110.264 ms	9,991.8254 ms	547.6857 ms	1.000	0.02	16000.0000	15000.0000	14000.0000	388.65 MB	1.00
Chained	20000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	29,249.586 ms	5,162.4763 ms	282.9727 ms	1.005	0.02	20000.0000	19000.0000	18000.0000	385.11 MB	0.99
CpuBaseline	20000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	15.542 ms	0.5409 ms	0.0296 ms	0.001	0.00	296.8750	296.8750	296.8750	23.44 MB	0.06

Lodestar.Gpu.Benchmarks.TiledMinHashSignaturesBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Documents	Permutations	Device	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
CpuBaseline	5000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	99.71 ms	0.858 ms	0.047 ms	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	2.98 MB	1.00
GpuResident	5000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	5,037.75 ms	1,937.654 ms	106.209 ms	50.52	0.92	-	-	-	5.81 MB	1.95
GpuWithHashing	5000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	5,868.51 ms	15,057.419 ms	825.348 ms	58.85	7.17	-	-	-	10.94 MB	3.68

CpuBaseline	5000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	101.47 ms	4.147 ms	0.227 ms	1.00	0.00	200.0000	-	-	4.2 MB	1.00
GpuResident	5000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	10,111.69 ms	2,011.745 ms	110.271 ms	99.66	0.96	-	-	-	13.78 MB	3.28
GpuWithHashing	5000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	9,703.57 ms	2,192.934 ms	120.202 ms	95.63	1.04	-	-	-	18.91 MB	4.51

CpuBaseline	50000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	878.15 ms	26.612 ms	1.459 ms	1.00	0.00	1000.0000	-	-	29.76 MB	1.00
GpuResident	50000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	49,853.54 ms	7,649.816 ms	419.312 ms	56.77	0.42	4000.0000	3000.0000	2000.0000	160.03 MB	5.38
GpuWithHashing	50000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	48,916.00 ms	6,665.311 ms	365.348 ms	55.70	0.37	7000.0000	4000.0000	2000.0000	211.63 MB	7.11

CpuBaseline	50000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	1,163.32 ms	27.464 ms	1.505 ms	1.00	0.00	2000.0000	-	-	41.96 MB	1.00
GpuResident	50000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	100,253.03 ms	2,952.221 ms	161.821 ms	86.18	0.15	12000.0000	11000.0000	8000.0000	536.05 MB	12.77
GpuWithHashing	50000	128	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	101,382.87 ms	12,440.716 ms	681.918 ms	87.15	0.52	15000.0000	12000.0000	8000.0000	587.6 MB	14.00

Lodestar.Gpu.Benchmarks.TiledSparseDenseProductBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-16, measured at commit 724c791262e7139428ab02fd4e70a6e05305bac7.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Documents	Width	Device	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
CpuBaseline	5000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	4.736 ms	0.1452 ms	0.0080 ms	1.00	0.00	148.4375	148.4375	148.4375	2.44 MB	1.00
GpuResident	5000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	7,936.388 ms	10,448.8434 ms	572.7364 ms	1,675.93	104.77	-	-	-	20.95 MB	8.58
GpuFromHost	5000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	7,583.749 ms	3,533.5361 ms	193.6850 ms	1,601.47	35.50	-	-	-	23.26 MB	9.53

CpuBaseline	5000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	15.436 ms	2.7440 ms	0.1504 ms	1.00	0.01	125.0000	125.0000	125.0000	9.77 MB	1.00
GpuResident	5000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	30,068.332 ms	6,222.5518 ms	341.0791 ms	1,948.06	25.18	1000.0000	-	-	139.74 MB	14.31
GpuFromHost	5000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	29,886.177 ms	6,531.8107 ms	358.0306 ms	1,936.26	25.85	1000.0000	-	-	146.05 MB	14.96

CpuBaseline	50000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	46.911 ms	1.4874 ms	0.0815 ms	1.00	0.00	181.8182	181.8182	181.8182	24.41 MB	1.00
GpuResident	50000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	74,761.614 ms	15,795.4996 ms	865.8046 ms	1,593.68	16.16	10000.0000	9000.0000	8000.0000	519.77 MB	21.29
GpuFromHost	50000	64	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	75,025.414 ms	14,813.2074 ms	811.9619 ms	1,599.30	15.18	11000.0000	10000.0000	9000.0000	546.85 MB	22.40

CpuBaseline	50000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	168.351 ms	79.0823 ms	4.3348 ms	1.00	0.03	250.0000	250.0000	250.0000	97.66 MB	1.00
GpuResident	50000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	308,955.099 ms	21,708.5470 ms	1,189.9187 ms	1,836.01	42.01	83000.0000	82000.0000	72000.0000	7354.9 MB	75.31
GpuFromHost	50000	256	CPUAc(...) GPU) [26]	303,791.917 ms	16,859.3839 ms	924.1197 ms	1,805.33	41.14	81000.0000	80000.0000	70000.0000	7381.63 MB	75.59

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.CorrelationBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	PairCount	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Pearson	100	982.0 ns	20.88 ns	1.14 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_Pearson	100	800.3 ns	20.77 ns	1.14 ns	0.81	0.00	0.0095	-	-	168 B	NA
Lodestar_Spearman	100	2,756.4 ns	93.48 ns	5.12 ns	2.81	0.01	0.2441	-	-	4144 B	NA
MetaNumerics_Spearman	100	3,723.7 ns	154.26 ns	8.46 ns	3.79	0.01	0.1183	-	-	2024 B	NA
Lodestar_KendallTau	100	5,461.2 ns	726.01 ns	39.80 ns	5.56	0.04	-	-	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_KendallTau	100	11,474.3 ns	2,902.71 ns	159.11 ns	11.68	0.14	-	-	-	152 B	NA
Lodestar_KendallTau_Asymptotic	100	5,330.7 ns	308.51 ns	16.91 ns	5.43	0.02	-	-	-	-	NA

Lodestar_Pearson	10000	86,083.8 ns	1,155.65 ns	63.34 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_Pearson	10000	56,773.8 ns	2,077.98 ns	113.90 ns	0.66	0.00	-	-	-	168 B	NA
Lodestar_Spearman	10000	1,191,175.9 ns	119,498.95 ns	6,550.14 ns	13.84	0.07	166.0156	166.0156	166.0156	1324850 B	NA
MetaNumerics_Spearman	10000	1,953,745.6 ns	62,918.76 ns	3,448.79 ns	22.70	0.04	7.8125	-	-	160427 B	NA
Lodestar_KendallTau	10000	2,152,574.2 ns	23,906.77 ns	1,310.41 ns	25.01	0.02	-	-	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_KendallTau	10000	288,965,458.8 ns	8,080,434.33 ns	442,915.87 ns	3,356.79	4.94	-	-	-	-	NA
Lodestar_KendallTau_Asymptotic	10000	2,132,623.2 ns	43,762.14 ns	2,398.75 ns	24.77	0.03	-	-	-	-	NA

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.DistributionIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_StudentCdf	317.88 ns	6.281 ns	0.344 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
MathNet_StudentCdf	299.42 ns	6.123 ns	0.336 ns	0.94	0.00	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_StudentCdf	338.89 ns	1.506 ns	0.083 ns	1.07	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_StudentQuantile	686.87 ns	60.587 ns	3.321 ns	2.16	0.01	-	-	NA
MathNet_StudentQuantile	5,655.21 ns	24.076 ns	1.320 ns	17.79	0.02	-	112 B	NA
MetaNumerics_StudentQuantile	1,198.57 ns	25.813 ns	1.415 ns	3.77	0.01	0.0172	288 B	NA
Lodestar_FisherCdf	134.26 ns	20.246 ns	1.110 ns	0.42	0.00	-	-	NA
MathNet_FisherCdf	133.25 ns	14.018 ns	0.768 ns	0.42	0.00	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_FisherCdf	137.76 ns	9.638 ns	0.528 ns	0.43	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_FisherQuantile	218.92 ns	46.574 ns	2.553 ns	0.69	0.01	-	-	NA
MathNet_FisherQuantile	2,652.05 ns	304.285 ns	16.679 ns	8.34	0.05	0.0038	104 B	NA
MetaNumerics_FisherQuantile	321.16 ns	29.148 ns	1.598 ns	1.01	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_ChiSquaredCdf	72.77 ns	1.823 ns	0.100 ns	0.23	0.00	-	-	NA
MathNet_ChiSquaredCdf	60.72 ns	0.498 ns	0.027 ns	0.19	0.00	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_ChiSquaredCdf	73.18 ns	8.211 ns	0.450 ns	0.23	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_ChiSquaredQuantile	340.02 ns	0.464 ns	0.025 ns	1.07	0.00	-	-	NA
MathNet_ChiSquaredQuantile	474.18 ns	19.466 ns	1.067 ns	1.49	0.00	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_ChiSquaredQuantile	391.71 ns	22.013 ns	1.207 ns	1.23	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_NormalCdf	22.96 ns	0.466 ns	0.026 ns	0.07	0.00	-	-	NA
MathNet_NormalCdf	22.23 ns	0.568 ns	0.031 ns	0.07	0.00	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_NormalCdf	64.95 ns	0.294 ns	0.016 ns	0.20	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_NormalQuantile	28.73 ns	0.811 ns	0.044 ns	0.09	0.00	-	-	NA
MathNet_NormalQuantile	30.70 ns	0.084 ns	0.005 ns	0.10	0.00	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_NormalQuantile	179.74 ns	4.534 ns	0.249 ns	0.57	0.00	-	-	NA

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.DistributionTailBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
ChiSquaredSfOneDf	28.89 ns	0.420 ns	0.023 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
ChiSquaredSfFourDf	12.65 ns	0.767 ns	0.042 ns	0.44	0.00	-	NA
ChiSquaredSfThreeDfFarTail	42.13 ns	3.388 ns	0.186 ns	1.46	0.01	-	NA
ChiSquaredSfHundredDf	72.66 ns	0.839 ns	0.046 ns	2.52	0.00	-	NA
ChiSquaredSfFractionalDf	119.87 ns	27.281 ns	1.495 ns	4.15	0.04	-	NA
NormalQuantile	28.18 ns	0.792 ns	0.043 ns	0.98	0.00	-	NA

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.GlmBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Regressors	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Glm	200	1	35.32 μs	7.627 μs	0.418 μs	1.00	0.01	0.7324	-	12.13 KB	1.00
Accord_Glm	200	1	55.64 μs	7.481 μs	0.410 μs	1.58	0.02	7.2021	0.3052	117.67 KB	9.70

Lodestar_Glm	200	3	41.94 μs	0.256 μs	0.014 μs	1.00	0.00	1.1597	0.0610	19.38 KB	1.00
Accord_Glm	200	3	105.24 μs	12.401 μs	0.680 μs	2.51	0.01	10.2539	0.6104	168.44 KB	8.69

Lodestar_Glm	2000	1	346.50 μs	16.013 μs	0.878 μs	1.00	0.00	6.3477	0.4883	110.56 KB	1.00
Accord_Glm	2000	1	375.34 μs	27.526 μs	1.509 μs	1.08	0.00	53.7109	16.1133	881.77 KB	7.98

Lodestar_Glm	2000	3	415.80 μs	22.969 μs	1.259 μs	1.00	0.00	10.2539	-	174.06 KB	1.00
Accord_Glm	2000	3	741.02 μs	24.266 μs	1.330 μs	1.78	0.01	77.1484	33.2031	1265.51 KB	7.27

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.GlmNegativeBinomialBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Fit	1000	280.4 μs	15.86 μs	0.87 μs	3.4180	-	-	58.2 KB
Fit	10000	3,140.5 μs	47.08 μs	2.58 μs	97.6563	97.6563	97.6563	550.45 KB
Fit	100000	31,508.2 μs	1,070.50 μs	58.68 μs	437.5000	437.5000	437.5000	5474.06 KB

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.GlmOffsetBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Poisson	200	30.81 μs	4.286 μs	0.235 μs	1.00	0.7324	-	-	12.13 KB	1.00
PoissonWithExposure	200	60.20 μs	1.917 μs	0.105 μs	1.95	1.2207	-	-	20.52 KB	1.69

Poisson	20000	4,212.64 μs	40.262 μs	2.207 μs	1.00	328.1250	328.1250	328.1250	1097.77 KB	1.00
PoissonWithExposure	20000	7,765.05 μs	309.026 μs	16.939 μs	1.84	500.0000	500.0000	500.0000	1877.55 KB	1.71

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.GlmPoissonBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	MeanCount	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Allocated
Fit	5	302.1 μs	36.12 μs	1.98 μs	6.3477	0.4883	110.56 KB
Fit	50000	305.9 μs	4.04 μs	0.22 μs	6.3477	0.4883	110.56 KB
Fit	5000000	305.8 μs	10.14 μs	0.56 μs	6.3477	0.4883	110.56 KB

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.GlsBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Gls	50	28.79 μs	0.631 μs	0.035 μs	1.00	0.00	1.6479	0.0916	-	27.1 KB	1.00
MathNet_Gls	50	97.37 μs	64.605 μs	3.541 μs	3.38	0.11	1.9531	0.1221	-	32.96 KB	1.22

Lodestar_Gls	200	653.76 μs	53.521 μs	2.934 μs	1.00	0.01	99.6094	99.6094	99.6094	336.57 KB	1.00
MathNet_Gls	200	1,865.87 μs	79.886 μs	4.379 μs	2.85	0.01	97.6563	97.6563	97.6563	369.98 KB	1.10

Lodestar_Gls	500	6,827.31 μs	172.189 μs	9.438 μs	1.00	0.00	320.3125	320.3125	320.3125	2010.21 KB	1.00
MathNet_Gls	500	24,171.88 μs	10,115.291 μs	554.453 μs	3.54	0.07	281.2500	281.2500	281.2500	2227.3 KB	1.11

Lodestar_Gls	1000	51,495.77 μs	854.900 μs	46.860 μs	1.00	0.00	100.0000	100.0000	100.0000	7924.17 KB	1.00
MathNet_Gls	1000	141,082.42 μs	81,695.832 μs	4,478.024 μs	2.74	0.08	-	-	-	8867.03 KB	1.12

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.HacClusterBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Lags	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Nonrobust	100	4	6.737 μs	0.5857 μs	0.0321 μs	1.00	0.01	0.1602	-	-	2.65 KB	1.00
Hc0	100	4	9.640 μs	0.2245 μs	0.0123 μs	1.43	0.01	0.5341	-	-	8.75 KB	3.30
Hac	100	4	19.275 μs	2.3284 μs	0.1276 μs	2.86	0.02	0.7629	-	-	12.9 KB	4.87
Cluster	100	4	8.586 μs	0.3416 μs	0.0187 μs	1.27	0.01	0.5798	-	-	9.71 KB	3.67

Nonrobust	10000	4	434.396 μs	22.5522 μs	1.2362 μs	1.00	0.00	4.3945	0.9766	-	79.99 KB	1.00
Hc0	10000	4	909.735 μs	90.7482 μs	4.9742 μs	2.09	0.01	124.0234	124.0234	124.0234	472.89 KB	5.91
Hac	10000	4	1,938.105 μs	114.6969 μs	6.2869 μs	4.46	0.02	246.0938	246.0938	246.0938	863.84 KB	10.80
Cluster	10000	4	768.125 μs	77.6042 μs	4.2538 μs	1.77	0.01	124.0234	124.0234	124.0234	565.18 KB	7.07

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.KolmogorovDurbinBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Asymptotic	100	7.152 μs	0.5511 μs	0.0302 μs	0.2823	-	-	4.73 KB
Asymptotic	280	121.875 μs	11.8451 μs	0.6493 μs	1.4648	-	-	24.7 KB
Asymptotic	20000	1,285.832 μs	110.5349 μs	6.0588 μs	99.6094	99.6094	99.6094	352.77 KB

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.KsAutoBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Before_Asymptotic	1000	31.34 μs	2.516 μs	0.138 μs	1.00	0.9155	15.73 KB	1.00
After_Auto	1000	34.26 μs	4.514 μs	0.247 μs	1.09	0.9155	15.67 KB	1.00

Before_Asymptotic	10000	2,009.45 μs	254.682 μs	13.960 μs	1.00	7.8125	156.3 KB	1.00
After_Auto	10000	1,458.37 μs	58.193 μs	3.190 μs	0.73	7.8125	156.3 KB	1.00

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.KsExactTableBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Shape	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
TwoSidedExact	999x1001	3,432.72 μs	353.427 μs	19.373 μs	-	39.23 KB
TwoSidedExact	99x101	47.04 μs	5.700 μs	0.312 μs	0.2441	4.07 KB

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.LeastSquaresRoutingBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Regressors	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Estimate	4	131.4 μs	16.39 μs	0.90 μs	1.00	0.01	49.8047	49.8047	49.8047	188.26 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Fit	4	174.6 μs	24.21 μs	1.33 μs	1.33	0.01	1.9531	-	-	33.12 KB	0.18
MathNet_Qr	4	560.7 μs	423.12 μs	23.19 μs	4.27	0.15	190.4297	190.4297	190.4297	705.61 KB	3.75

Lodestar_Estimate	250	59,390.2 μs	45,493.90 μs	2,493.67 μs	1.00	0.05	375.0000	375.0000	375.0000	8865.83 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Fit	250	296,193.9 μs	22,940.20 μs	1,257.43 μs	4.99	0.18	-	-	-	3499.3 KB	0.39
MathNet_Qr	250	475,282.1 μs	205,081.75 μs	11,241.22 μs	8.01	0.33	-	-	-	32660.53 KB	3.68

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.MannWhitneyExactBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Shape	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Exact	141x141	527.1 ms	116.56 ms	6.39 ms	1000.0000	1000.0000	1000.0000	43.23 MB
Exact	8x2500	441.5 ms	43.51 ms	2.38 ms	-	-	-	2.9 MB

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.MathNetInteropBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Size	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Diagonal	1000	4.447 μs	0.6584 μs	0.0361 μs	0.9613	0.0381	-	15.75 KB
SparseDense	1000	1,566.190 μs	61.8869 μs	3.3922 μs	5.8594	-	-	126.59 KB
ToSparseSorted	1000	19.643 μs	2.3840 μs	0.1307 μs	7.4768	0.9155	-	122.69 KB
ToSparseReversed	1000	94.962 μs	17.9805 μs	0.9856 μs	7.6904	2.4414	-	126.63 KB
Diagonal	4000	18.273 μs	3.0655 μs	0.1680 μs	3.8147	0.2136	-	62.63 KB
SparseDense	4000	26,087.106 μs	477.7927 μs	26.1894 μs	-	-	-	1909.55 KB
ToSparseSorted	4000	532.739 μs	271.3294 μs	14.8725 μs	7.8125	7.8125	7.8125	1893.94 KB
ToSparseReversed	4000	1,287.730 μs	178.2124 μs	9.7684 μs	7.8125	7.8125	7.8125	1909.57 KB

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.MetaNumericsStatsBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_StudentT	100	997.3 ns	85.35 ns	4.68 ns	1.00	0.01	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_StudentT	100	2,194.5 ns	202.36 ns	11.09 ns	2.20	0.01	0.0038	104 B	NA
Lodestar_MannWhitney	100	2,335.0 ns	68.64 ns	3.76 ns	2.34	0.01	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_MannWhitney	100	4,072.9 ns	707.91 ns	38.80 ns	4.08	0.04	0.0687	1176 B	NA
Lodestar_KruskalWallis	100	7,467.2 ns	211.99 ns	11.62 ns	7.49	0.03	-	32 B	NA
MetaNumerics_KruskalWallis	100	9,422.9 ns	1,347.26 ns	73.85 ns	9.45	0.07	0.1068	1896 B	NA
Lodestar_KolmogorovSmirnov	100	2,604.2 ns	26.20 ns	1.44 ns	2.61	0.01	0.0954	1648 B	NA
MetaNumerics_KolmogorovSmirnov	100	3,867.7 ns	262.83 ns	14.41 ns	3.88	0.02	0.0687	1168 B	NA
Lodestar_OneWayAnova	100	971.8 ns	148.42 ns	8.14 ns	0.97	0.01	0.0019	32 B	NA
MetaNumerics_OneWayAnova	100	3,181.3 ns	125.22 ns	6.86 ns	3.19	0.01	0.0420	744 B	NA
Lodestar_Wilcoxon	100	1,183.2 ns	122.79 ns	6.73 ns	1.19	0.01	0.0477	824 B	NA
MetaNumerics_Wilcoxon	100	1,092.6 ns	182.76 ns	10.02 ns	1.10	0.01	0.0572	976 B	NA
Lodestar_FisherExact	100	459.8 ns	1.76 ns	0.10 ns	0.46	0.00	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_FisherExact	100	1,551.7 ns	43.73 ns	2.40 ns	1.56	0.01	0.0553	944 B	NA
Lodestar_ChiSquare	100	121.6 ns	5.11 ns	0.28 ns	0.12	0.00	0.0100	168 B	NA
MetaNumerics_ChiSquare	100	705.1 ns	34.26 ns	1.88 ns	0.71	0.00	0.0572	968 B	NA

Lodestar_StudentT	10000	60,490.2 ns	3,676.73 ns	201.53 ns	1.000	0.00	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_StudentT	10000	178,854.8 ns	1,936.62 ns	106.15 ns	2.957	0.01	-	104 B	NA
Lodestar_MannWhitney	10000	701,142.4 ns	23,963.15 ns	1,313.50 ns	11.591	0.04	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_MannWhitney	10000	2,061,651.2 ns	180,731.37 ns	9,906.50 ns	34.083	0.17	3.9063	80382 B	NA
Lodestar_KruskalWallis	10000	1,478,645.2 ns	56,908.78 ns	3,119.36 ns	24.445	0.08	-	35 B	NA
MetaNumerics_KruskalWallis	10000	3,609,974.1 ns	269,768.71 ns	14,786.93 ns	59.679	0.27	3.9063	120702 B	NA
Lodestar_KolmogorovSmirnov	10000	1,453,929.3 ns	54,643.12 ns	2,995.17 ns	24.036	0.08	7.8125	160051 B	NA
MetaNumerics_KolmogorovSmirnov	10000	2,142,112.0 ns	113,013.29 ns	6,194.64 ns	35.413	0.14	3.9063	80374 B	NA
Lodestar_OneWayAnova	10000	84,655.5 ns	347.75 ns	19.06 ns	1.400	0.00	-	32 B	NA
MetaNumerics_OneWayAnova	10000	267,898.0 ns	11,613.55 ns	636.58 ns	4.429	0.02	-	745 B	NA
Lodestar_Wilcoxon	10000	192,503.9 ns	4,389.91 ns	240.63 ns	3.182	0.01	4.6387	80056 B	NA
MetaNumerics_Wilcoxon	10000	381,465.5 ns	31,378.70 ns	1,719.97 ns	6.306	0.03	4.3945	80177 B	NA
Lodestar_FisherExact	10000	461.7 ns	5.79 ns	0.32 ns	0.008	0.00	-	-	NA
MetaNumerics_FisherExact	10000	1,549.5 ns	53.79 ns	2.95 ns	0.026	0.00	0.0553	944 B	NA
Lodestar_ChiSquare	10000	116.6 ns	2.20 ns	0.12 ns	0.002	0.00	0.0100	168 B	NA
MetaNumerics_ChiSquare	10000	702.6 ns	8.62 ns	0.47 ns	0.012	0.00	0.0572	968 B	NA

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.MultinomialLogitBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar	200	141.0 μs	21.83 μs	1.20 μs	1.00	0.01	0.9766	-	19.24 KB	1.00
Accord	200	941.9 μs	49.60 μs	2.72 μs	6.68	0.05	88.8672	7.8125	1466.83 KB	76.23

Lodestar	2000	1,329.5 μs	34.90 μs	1.91 μs	1.00	0.00	7.8125	-	131.74 KB	1.00
Accord	2000	7,476.1 μs	991.09 μs	54.32 μs	5.62	0.04	734.3750	359.3750	12015.21 KB	91.20

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.OlsBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Ols	100	6.787 μs	0.2764 μs	0.0151 μs	1.00	0.00	0.1602	-	-	2.65 KB	1.00
Accord_Ols	100	265.466 μs	13.1705 μs	0.7219 μs	39.12	0.12	2.4414	-	-	43 KB	16.24
MathNet_Ols	100	31.317 μs	1.9817 μs	0.1086 μs	4.61	0.02	2.1362	0.0610	-	35.61 KB	13.45

Lodestar_Ols	10000	436.406 μs	39.9760 μs	2.1912 μs	1.00	0.01	4.3945	0.9766	-	79.99 KB	1.00
Accord_Ols	10000	5,060.867 μs	219.2535 μs	12.0180 μs	11.60	0.06	210.9375	187.5000	-	3523.47 KB	44.05
MathNet_Ols	10000	1,722.808 μs	117.9021 μs	6.4626 μs	3.95	0.02	441.4063	441.4063	441.4063	1764.85 KB	22.06

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.QuantileBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
NormalQuantile	0.0421 ns	0.0706 ns	0.0039 ns	1.01	0.11	-	NA
NormalQuantileFarTail	0.0392 ns	0.0100 ns	0.0005 ns	0.93	0.07	-	NA
StudentQuantile	553.4152 ns	32.4881 ns	1.7808 ns	13,202.32	998.90	-	NA
StudentQuantileCauchyFarTail	155.9463 ns	34.4088 ns	1.8861 ns	3,720.27	283.99	-	NA

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.RankTestBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Ties	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
KruskalWallisTest	10000	False	1,488.1 μs	42.23 μs	2.31 μs	-	-	-	82 B
WilcoxonPaired	10000	False	422.2 μs	39.72 μs	2.18 μs	4.3945	-	-	80057 B
KruskalWallisManyGroups	10000	False	616.6 μs	66.66 μs	3.65 μs	83.0078	83.0078	83.0078	741656 B
WilcoxonPooledDifferences	10000	False	1,266.7 μs	30.25 μs	1.66 μs	-	-	-	-
MannWhitneyTest	10000	False	733.4 μs	34.07 μs	1.87 μs	-	-	-	-
KruskalWallisTest	10000	True	622.5 μs	7.03 μs	0.39 μs	-	-	-	81 B
WilcoxonPaired	10000	True	242.1 μs	43.00 μs	2.36 μs	4.6387	-	-	80056 B
KruskalWallisManyGroups	10000	True	532.3 μs	91.23 μs	5.00 μs	83.0078	83.0078	83.0078	741656 B
WilcoxonPooledDifferences	10000	True	775.3 μs	33.52 μs	1.84 μs	-	-	-	-
MannWhitneyTest	10000	True	418.1 μs	9.02 μs	0.49 μs	-	-	-	-
KruskalWallisTest	100000	False	14,877.6 μs	223.76 μs	12.26 μs	-	-	-	-
WilcoxonPaired	100000	False	4,567.5 μs	154.86 μs	8.49 μs	101.5625	101.5625	101.5625	800164 B
KruskalWallisManyGroups	100000	False	4,566.5 μs	3,759.21 μs	206.05 μs	406.2500	406.2500	406.2500	5062630 B
WilcoxonPooledDifferences	100000	False	15,408.2 μs	346.08 μs	18.97 μs	1468.7500	1468.7500	1468.7500	19463348 B
MannWhitneyTest	100000	False	6,985.3 μs	685.14 μs	37.55 μs	-	-	-	-
KruskalWallisTest	100000	True	6,066.5 μs	232.25 μs	12.73 μs	-	-	-	88 B
WilcoxonPaired	100000	True	2,841.9 μs	52.83 μs	2.90 μs	113.2813	113.2813	113.2813	800172 B
KruskalWallisManyGroups	100000	True	3,129.0 μs	4,829.97 μs	264.75 μs	496.0938	496.0938	496.0938	5062685 B
WilcoxonPooledDifferences	100000	True	11,461.8 μs	760.41 μs	41.68 μs	1484.3750	1484.3750	1484.3750	19282298 B
MannWhitneyTest	100000	True	4,052.1 μs	345.11 μs	18.92 μs	-	-	-	-

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.RobustCovarianceBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Covariance	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Fit	100	Nonrobust	6.788 μs	0.3095 μs	0.0170 μs	0.1526	-	-	2.6 KB
Fit	100	Hc0	9.744 μs	0.4512 μs	0.0247 μs	0.5188	-	-	8.7 KB
Fit	100	Hc1	9.410 μs	0.2427 μs	0.0133 μs	0.5188	-	-	8.7 KB
Fit	100	Hc2	11.164 μs	0.1956 μs	0.0107 μs	0.5798	-	-	9.57 KB
Fit	100	Hc3	11.176 μs	0.2849 μs	0.0156 μs	0.5798	-	-	9.57 KB
Fit	10000	Nonrobust	438.510 μs	36.0068 μs	1.9737 μs	4.3945	0.9766	-	79.95 KB
Fit	10000	Hc0	896.082 μs	93.0700 μs	5.1015 μs	124.0234	124.0234	124.0234	472.85 KB
Fit	10000	Hc1	906.922 μs	54.9114 μs	3.0099 μs	124.0234	124.0234	124.0234	472.85 KB
Fit	10000	Hc2	1,055.840 μs	179.3369 μs	9.8301 μs	123.0469	123.0469	123.0469	551.06 KB
Fit	10000	Hc3	1,066.686 μs	182.7798 μs	10.0188 μs	123.0469	123.0469	123.0469	551.06 KB

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.SerialCorrelationBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
LodestarAutocorrelation	200	4.451 μs	0.6835 μs	0.0375 μs	1.00	0.01	0.1526	2624 B	1.00
CortexAutocorrelation	200	11.602 μs	2.3843 μs	0.1307 μs	2.61	0.03	-	192 B	0.07
LodestarPartialAutocorrelation	200	4.863 μs	0.7518 μs	0.0412 μs	1.09	0.01	0.1678	2816 B	1.07
CortexPartialAutocorrelation	200	12.178 μs	0.7513 μs	0.0412 μs	2.74	0.02	0.0458	768 B	0.29
LodestarLjungBox	200	4.957 μs	0.3820 μs	0.0209 μs	1.11	0.01	0.1373	2344 B	0.89
CortexLjungBox	200	11.670 μs	0.3993 μs	0.0219 μs	2.62	0.02	-	224 B	0.09

LodestarAutocorrelation	2000	48.852 μs	1.1614 μs	0.0637 μs	1.00	0.00	0.9766	17024 B	1.00
CortexAutocorrelation	2000	120.938 μs	2.3597 μs	0.1293 μs	2.48	0.00	-	192 B	0.01
LodestarPartialAutocorrelation	2000	49.248 μs	0.9864 μs	0.0541 μs	1.01	0.00	0.9766	17216 B	1.01
CortexPartialAutocorrelation	2000	121.643 μs	5.9137 μs	0.3241 μs	2.49	0.01	-	768 B	0.05
LodestarLjungBox	2000	49.665 μs	1.4744 μs	0.0808 μs	1.02	0.00	0.9766	16744 B	0.98
CortexLjungBox	2000	121.056 μs	3.0772 μs	0.1687 μs	2.48	0.00	-	224 B	0.01

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.StationarityBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
LodestarAugmentedDickeyFuller	200	7.823 μs	1.7166 μs	0.0941 μs	1.00	0.01	1.4648	0.0458	-	23.99 KB	1.00
LodestarAdfAutolag	200	31.258 μs	3.0641 μs	0.1680 μs	4.00	0.05	4.0283	0.2441	-	66.56 KB	2.77
CortexAugmentedDickeyFuller	200	25.292 μs	0.2348 μs	0.0129 μs	3.23	0.03	0.9766	0.0305	-	16.18 KB	0.67
LodestarKpss	200	3.893 μs	0.1942 μs	0.0106 μs	0.50	0.01	0.0992	-	-	1.69 KB	0.07
CortexKpss	200	4.037 μs	0.0424 μs	0.0023 μs	0.52	0.01	0.2060	-	-	3.43 KB	0.14
LodestarDecompose	200	1.602 μs	0.1092 μs	0.0060 μs	0.20	0.00	0.3967	0.0038	-	6.5 KB	0.27
CortexDecompose	200	2.978 μs	0.4188 μs	0.0230 μs	0.38	0.00	0.4997	0.0076	-	8.16 KB	0.34

LodestarAugmentedDickeyFuller	2000	114.828 μs	4.9165 μs	0.2695 μs	1.00	0.00	30.2734	30.2734	30.2734	234.95 KB	1.00
LodestarAdfAutolag	2000	922.245 μs	84.9147 μs	4.6545 μs	8.03	0.04	249.0234	249.0234	249.0234	1001.27 KB	4.26
CortexAugmentedDickeyFuller	2000	289.876 μs	4.3066 μs	0.2361 μs	2.52	0.01	30.2734	30.2734	30.2734	142.76 KB	0.61
LodestarKpss	2000	95.510 μs	2.9737 μs	0.1630 μs	0.83	0.00	0.8545	-	-	15.75 KB	0.07
CortexKpss	2000	97.527 μs	2.3246 μs	0.1274 μs	0.85	0.00	1.8311	-	-	31.55 KB	0.13
LodestarDecompose	2000	14.571 μs	2.9500 μs	0.1617 μs	0.13	0.00	3.8300	0.4120	-	62.75 KB	0.27
CortexDecompose	2000	29.047 μs	0.9608 μs	0.0527 μs	0.25	0.00	4.7913	0.4578	-	78.48 KB	0.33

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.StatsBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
LodestarWelchT	100	1,158.6 ns	80.47 ns	4.41 ns	1.00	0.00	0.0038	-	-	64 B	1.00
AccordWelchT	100	38,417.9 ns	3,889.49 ns	213.20 ns	33.16	0.19	-	-	-	392 B	6.12
LodestarMannWhitney	100	2,469.9 ns	34.07 ns	1.87 ns	2.13	0.01	-	-	-	-	0.00
AccordMannWhitney	100	23,608.2 ns	1,867.55 ns	102.37 ns	20.38	0.10	1.3733	0.0305	-	23336 B	364.62
LodestarChiSquare	100	120.2 ns	5.67 ns	0.31 ns	0.10	0.00	0.0100	-	-	168 B	2.62
AccordChiSquare	100	215.9 ns	12.39 ns	0.68 ns	0.19	0.00	0.0100	-	-	168 B	2.62

LodestarWelchT	10000	54,182.0 ns	3,148.24 ns	172.57 ns	1.000	0.00	-	-	-	-	NA
AccordWelchT	10000	141,843.0 ns	14,470.55 ns	793.18 ns	2.618	0.01	-	-	-	392 B	NA
LodestarMannWhitney	10000	716,714.1 ns	26,195.96 ns	1,435.89 ns	13.228	0.04	-	-	-	-	NA
AccordMannWhitney	10000	12,509,788.7 ns	423,064.24 ns	23,189.58 ns	230.886	0.74	234.3750	234.3750	234.3750	2241217 B	NA
LodestarChiSquare	10000	121.4 ns	6.06 ns	0.33 ns	0.002	0.00	0.0100	-	-	168 B	NA
AccordChiSquare	10000	216.4 ns	17.30 ns	0.95 ns	0.004	0.00	0.0100	-	-	168 B	NA

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.VarianceAndFitBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	GroupSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Levene	100	2,182.4 ns	267.84 ns	14.68 ns	1.00	0.01	0.3014	-	5072 B	1.000
Accord_Levene	100	4,069.7 ns	272.76 ns	14.95 ns	1.86	0.01	0.3204	-	5480 B	1.080
Lodestar_Bartlett	100	607.5 ns	60.11 ns	3.29 ns	0.28	0.00	0.0048	-	80 B	0.016
Accord_Bartlett	100	1,188.3 ns	54.32 ns	2.98 ns	0.54	0.00	0.0095	-	168 B	0.033
Lodestar_Binomial	100	765.3 ns	29.25 ns	1.60 ns	0.35	0.00	0.0029	-	48 B	0.009
Accord_Binomial	100	4,614.3 ns	230.00 ns	12.61 ns	2.11	0.01	0.1297	-	2216 B	0.437
Lodestar_AndersonDarling	100	8,649.7 ns	396.97 ns	21.76 ns	3.96	0.02	0.0458	-	1000 B	0.197
Accord_AndersonDarling	100	6,285.4 ns	293.16 ns	16.07 ns	2.88	0.02	0.0610	-	1096 B	0.216
Lodestar_ClopperPearson	100	4,138.2 ns	500.07 ns	27.41 ns	1.90	0.02	-	-	48 B	0.009

Lodestar_Levene	10000	393,909.5 ns	17,182.40 ns	941.83 ns	1.000	0.00	28.3203	-	480272 B	1.000
Accord_Levene	10000	1,342,490.6 ns	55,474.71 ns	3,040.76 ns	3.408	0.01	27.3438	5.8594	480681 B	1.001
Lodestar_Bartlett	10000	56,284.5 ns	1,253.83 ns	68.73 ns	0.143	0.00	-	-	80 B	0.000
Accord_Bartlett	10000	112,623.8 ns	3,042.56 ns	166.77 ns	0.286	0.00	-	-	168 B	0.000
Lodestar_Binomial	10000	1,004.3 ns	154.16 ns	8.45 ns	0.003	0.00	0.0019	-	48 B	0.000
Accord_Binomial	10000	897,690.3 ns	74,905.10 ns	4,105.80 ns	2.279	0.01	11.7188	2.9297	200217 B	0.417
Lodestar_AndersonDarling	10000	1,395,863.2 ns	70,702.66 ns	3,875.45 ns	3.544	0.01	3.9063	-	80201 B	0.167
Accord_AndersonDarling	10000	NA	NA	NA	?	?	NA	NA	NA	?
Lodestar_ClopperPearson	10000	10,897.2 ns	2,062.80 ns	113.07 ns	0.028	0.00	-	-	48 B	0.000

Benchmarks with issues: VarianceAndFitBenchmarks.Accord_AndersonDarling: ShortRun(IterationCount=3, LaunchCount=1, WarmupCount=3) [GroupSize=10000]

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.VectorAutoregressionBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Variables	Lags	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Fit	500	2	1	15.73 μs	1.946 μs	0.107 μs	2.9602	0.3357	-	48.37 KB
Fit	500	2	4	38.85 μs	4.490 μs	0.246 μs	5.8594	1.4038	-	96.13 KB
Fit	500	5	1	55.40 μs	13.670 μs	0.749 μs	6.6528	1.6479	-	109.52 KB
Fit	500	5	4	158.97 μs	24.771 μs	1.358 μs	14.1602	6.8359	-	233.92 KB
Fit	5000	2	1	206.81 μs	21.554 μs	1.181 μs	73.9746	73.9746	73.9746	470.29 KB
Fit	5000	2	4	553.88 μs	86.434 μs	4.738 μs	221.6797	221.6797	221.6797	940.03 KB
Fit	5000	5	1	706.89 μs	134.554 μs	7.375 μs	142.5781	142.5781	142.5781	1058.83 KB
Fit	5000	5	4	2,231.81 μs	78.145 μs	4.283 μs	496.0938	496.0938	496.0938	2238.16 KB

Lodestar.Stats.Benchmarks.WeightedLeastSquaresBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Wls	200	11.31 μs	0.757 μs	0.041 μs	1.00	0.00	0.1984	-	-	3.43 KB	1.00
MathNet_Wls	200	20.35 μs	5.320 μs	0.292 μs	1.80	0.02	3.6926	0.1831	-	58.3 KB	17.00

Lodestar_Wls	2000	93.86 μs	3.854 μs	0.211 μs	1.00	0.00	0.9766	-	-	17.49 KB	1.00
MathNet_Wls	2000	125.67 μs	14.753 μs	0.809 μs	1.34	0.01	32.9590	13.9160	-	508.18 KB	29.05

Lodestar_Wls	20000	949.81 μs	247.119 μs	13.545 μs	1.00	0.02	46.8750	46.8750	46.8750	158.5 KB	1.00
MathNet_Wls	20000	1,581.70 μs	3,202.745 μs	175.553 μs	1.67	0.16	1015.6250	1015.6250	1015.6250	5027.18 KB	31.72

Lodestar_Wls	200000	9,292.27 μs	1,488.205 μs	81.574 μs	1.00	0.01	93.7500	93.7500	93.7500	1564.71 KB	1.00
MathNet_Wls	200000	16,437.74 μs	4,530.065 μs	248.308 μs	1.77	0.03	750.0000	750.0000	750.0000	50021.97 KB	31.97

Lodestar.Survival.Benchmarks.CoxBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit 7c23e46a8c3f9158c938fc49d51d64513e47d5fa.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	Covariates	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Fit	1000	2	463.0 μs	16.10 μs	0.88 μs	8.3008	1.4648	-	139.09 KB
Fit	1000	8	1,916.1 μs	42.07 μs	2.31 μs	11.7188	1.9531	-	196.98 KB
Fit	10000	2	5,428.9 μs	512.37 μs	28.08 μs	164.0625	164.0625	164.0625	1247.39 KB
Fit	10000	8	20,448.9 μs	2,543.12 μs	139.40 μs	281.2500	250.0000	250.0000	1734.9 KB

Lodestar.Survival.Benchmarks.SurvivalBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit 7c23e46a8c3f9158c938fc49d51d64513e47d5fa.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleSize	DistinctPercent	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
KaplanMeierEstimate	1000	4	16.42 μs	0.982 μs	0.054 μs	1.00	0.9766	-	-	15.98 KB	1.00
NelsonAalenEstimate	1000	4	15.23 μs	4.568 μs	0.250 μs	0.93	0.9308	0.0153	-	15.27 KB	0.96
LogRankTest	1000	4	21.75 μs	1.574 μs	0.086 μs	1.32	1.6174	0.0610	-	26.84 KB	1.68

KaplanMeierEstimate	1000	100	59.59 μs	6.032 μs	0.331 μs	1.00	4.3945	0.4883	-	72 KB	1.00
NelsonAalenEstimate	1000	100	23.42 μs	8.178 μs	0.448 μs	0.39	3.7842	0.3967	-	62.2 KB	0.86
LogRankTest	1000	100	48.66 μs	5.018 μs	0.275 μs	0.82	2.9907	0.3052	-	49.57 KB	0.69

KaplanMeierEstimate	100000	4	8,704.26 μs	360.805 μs	19.777 μs	1.00	328.1250	312.5000	312.5000	1517.93 KB	1.00
NelsonAalenEstimate	100000	4	8,536.26 μs	1,246.004 μs	68.298 μs	0.98	328.1250	312.5000	312.5000	1455.34 KB	0.96
LogRankTest	100000	4	10,004.64 μs	981.577 μs	53.804 μs	1.15	484.3750	484.3750	484.3750	2598.82 KB	1.71

KaplanMeierEstimate	100000	100	15,862.51 μs	969.664 μs	53.151 μs	1.00	1125.0000	1093.7500	968.7500	6650.02 KB	1.00
NelsonAalenEstimate	100000	100	13,039.73 μs	1,148.164 μs	62.935 μs	0.82	843.7500	828.1250	687.5000	5660.23 KB	0.85
LogRankTest	100000	100	16,195.42 μs	829.808 μs	45.485 μs	1.02	500.0000	500.0000	500.0000	4916.39 KB	0.74

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.AddedTokenScanBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
ChatTemplate	100.97 ms	12.566 ms	0.689 ms	2000.0000	33.3 MB
ProseWithoutAddedTokens	86.60 ms	1.648 ms	0.090 ms	1666.6667	28.47 MB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.AgglomerativeIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Rows	Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Fit	500	average	2,027.5 μs	279.16 μs	15.30 μs	1.00	0.01	246.0938	246.0938	246.0938	1022.55 KB	1.00
Aglomera_GetClustering	500	average	97,528.9 μs	5,842.93 μs	320.27 μs	48.10	0.34	3666.6667	1500.0000	833.3333	59880.37 KB	58.56

Lodestar_Fit	500	complete	1,958.6 μs	631.28 μs	34.60 μs	1.00	0.02	248.0469	248.0469	248.0469	1022.4 KB	1.00
Aglomera_GetClustering	500	complete	94,772.3 μs	28,586.43 μs	1,566.92 μs	48.40	1.01	5000.0000	1800.0000	800.0000	83111.74 KB	81.29

Lodestar_Fit	500	single	782.0 μs	57.33 μs	3.14 μs	1.00	0.00	0.9766	-	-	30.34 KB	1.00
Aglomera_GetClustering	500	single	140,326.3 μs	68,114.65 μs	3,733.59 μs	179.44	4.18	4750.0000	1750.0000	750.0000	81289.96 KB	2,678.88

Lodestar_Fit	500	ward	2,295.5 μs	721.81 μs	39.56 μs	1.00	0.02	246.0938	246.0938	246.0938	1022.4 KB	1.00
Aglomera_GetClustering	500	ward	70,389.6 μs	8,258.45 μs	452.67 μs	30.67	0.49	3875.0000	1750.0000	875.0000	64191.22 KB	62.78

Lodestar_Fit	1500	average	15,471.0 μs	1,149.08 μs	62.98 μs	1.00	0.00	500.0000	500.0000	500.0000	8925.15 KB	1.00
Aglomera_GetClustering	1500	average	1,606,247.3 μs	147,506.78 μs	8,085.34 μs	103.82	0.58	35000.0000	10000.0000	4000.0000	537153.95 KB	60.18

Lodestar_Fit	1500	complete	14,198.2 μs	8,011.87 μs	439.16 μs	1.00	0.04	500.0000	500.0000	500.0000	8925 KB	1.00
Aglomera_GetClustering	1500	complete	1,729,403.2 μs	420,583.36 μs	23,053.59 μs	121.88	3.55	48000.0000	12000.0000	4000.0000	747353.12 KB	83.74

Lodestar_Fit	1500	single	6,504.8 μs	281.81 μs	15.45 μs	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	89.92 KB	1.00
Aglomera_GetClustering	1500	single	3,060,153.2 μs	156,340.71 μs	8,569.56 μs	470.45	1.50	47000.0000	12000.0000	4000.0000	732672.81 KB	8,147.88

Lodestar_Fit	1500	ward	17,965.0 μs	4,500.72 μs	246.70 μs	1.00	0.02	500.0000	500.0000	500.0000	8925.01 KB	1.00
Aglomera_GetClustering	1500	ward	1,488,568.1 μs	26,487.50 μs	1,451.87 μs	82.87	0.99	38000.0000	11000.0000	4000.0000	573621.47 KB	64.27

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.ArtifactLoadOnlyBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
CountLoadAsync2M	24.96 ms	6.285 ms	0.344 ms	750.0000	687.5000	343.7500	21.53 MB
CountLoadAsync4M	49.52 ms	16.336 ms	0.895 ms	1416.6667	1333.3333	583.3333	43.93 MB
CountLoad4M	45.39 ms	1.911 ms	0.105 ms	1500.0000	1416.6667	666.6667	43.92 MB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.ArtifactTimeBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
CountFitLongDocuments	186,399.35 μs	12,500.680 μs	685.204 μs	-	-	-	54334.51 KB
CountSave240K	440.05 μs	27.125 μs	1.487 μs	9.2773	2.9297	2.9297	504.67 KB
CountSaveAsync240K	510.84 μs	173.037 μs	9.485 μs	9.7656	3.9063	3.9063	739.44 KB
TfidfSave45K	51.97 μs	3.846 μs	0.211 μs	8.3618	1.6479	-	137.13 KB
TfidfSaveAsync45K	54.93 μs	12.270 μs	0.673 μs	11.1084	-	-	181.88 KB
IndexSave942K	290.40 μs	23.656 μs	1.297 μs	7.3242	0.9766	0.9766	243.5 KB
IndexSaveAsync942K	294.89 μs	37.884 μs	2.077 μs	7.8125	0.9766	0.9766	243.62 KB
CountLoadAsync2M	27,775.63 μs	20,068.712 μs	1,100.034 μs	593.7500	562.5000	187.5000	22049.02 KB
CountLoadAsync4M	55,025.31 μs	70,307.932 μs	3,853.815 μs	1181.8182	1090.9091	363.6364	44983.59 KB
CountLoad4M	51,591.98 μs	20,331.823 μs	1,114.456 μs	1181.8182	1090.9091	363.6364	44976.85 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.AsyncArtifactBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
TfidfSaveAsyncSmall	18.631 μs	24.830 μs	1.3610 μs	1.6785	0.0916	-	27.43 KB
CountSaveAsyncWide	516.619 μs	91.816 μs	5.0327 μs	35.1563	29.2969	29.2969	740.15 KB
HashingLoadUndeclared	6.611 μs	3.193 μs	0.1750 μs	5.0964	-	-	83.87 KB
TfidfLoadUndeclared	31.536 μs	1.337 μs	0.0733 μs	7.3853	0.7935	-	121.83 KB
CountLoadUndeclared24K	136.218 μs	3.359 μs	0.1841 μs	16.1133	3.1738	-	264.67 KB
CountLoadUndeclared78K	867.042 μs	308.767 μs	16.9246 μs	38.0859	37.1094	8.7891	656.33 KB
CountLoadUndeclared1M	11,832.964 μs	12,111.678 μs	663.8820 μs	453.1250	437.5000	234.3750	10793.89 KB
CountSaveAsync1M	2,110.815 μs	513.322 μs	28.1369 μs	117.1875	109.3750	109.3750	3162.12 KB
IndexSaveAsyncLongHead	3,377.344 μs	264.581 μs	14.5026 μs	93.7500	89.8438	89.8438	2124.36 KB
CountLoadUndeclared2M	19,503.556 μs	3,799.699 μs	208.2743 μs	1000.0000	968.7500	593.7500	22045.12 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.BatchEmbeddingBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	CorpusSize	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Gen0	Gen1	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
UnitLoop	1	5.605 μs	0.9494 μs	0.0520 μs	1.00	0.1373	-	2.27 KB	1.00
EmbedBatch	1	6.156 μs	0.2094 μs	0.0115 μs	1.10	0.1602	-	2.7 KB	1.19
EmbedBatchBucketed	1	6.045 μs	0.3528 μs	0.0193 μs	1.08	0.1602	-	2.7 KB	1.19

UnitLoop	8	57.671 μs	5.8142 μs	0.3187 μs	1.00	1.7700	-	29.48 KB	1.00
EmbedBatch	8	21.639 μs	3.7465 μs	0.2054 μs	0.38	1.3428	-	22.27 KB	0.76
EmbedBatchBucketed	8	22.524 μs	2.2602 μs	0.1239 μs	0.39	1.3428	-	22.27 KB	0.76

UnitLoop	32	224.788 μs	19.0373 μs	1.0435 μs	1.00	6.5918	-	110.99 KB	1.00
EmbedBatch	32	80.585 μs	1.3626 μs	0.0747 μs	0.36	5.0049	0.2441	82.64 KB	0.74
EmbedBatchBucketed	32	71.907 μs	8.6723 μs	0.4754 μs	0.32	4.1504	0.1221	69.13 KB	0.62

UnitLoop	128	911.706 μs	71.8877 μs	3.9404 μs	1.00	26.3672	-	443.9 KB	1.00
EmbedBatch	128	322.532 μs	31.8883 μs	1.7479 μs	0.35	20.0195	2.4414	329.67 KB	0.74
EmbedBatchBucketed	128	277.280 μs	32.1953 μs	1.7647 μs	0.30	15.6250	1.9531	262.16 KB	0.59

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.BertNormalizerBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Text	Lowercase	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
Encode	Ascii	False	36.33 ms	4.067 ms	0.223 ms	714.2857	11.7 MB
Encode	Ascii	True	40.86 ms	4.764 ms	0.261 ms	692.3077	11.7 MB
Encode	Accented	False	35.83 ms	2.137 ms	0.117 ms	714.2857	11.69 MB
Encode	Accented	True	49.91 ms	0.714 ms	0.039 ms	1200.0000	20.38 MB
Encode	Cjk	False	40.90 ms	3.444 ms	0.189 ms	1307.6923	21.55 MB
Encode	Cjk	True	54.38 ms	2.928 ms	0.160 ms	1500.0000	24.48 MB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.BkTreeBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Radius	Shape	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
LengthFilteredScan	1	clustered	132.67 ms	2.245 ms	0.123 ms	1.00	0.00	27.25 KB	1.00
TreeWithinDistance	1	clustered	65.27 ms	4.086 ms	0.224 ms	0.49	0.00	103.68 KB	3.80

LengthFilteredScan	1	uniform	139.44 ms	74.856 ms	4.103 ms	1.00	0.04	23.86 KB	1.00
TreeWithinDistance	1	uniform	61.05 ms	1.864 ms	0.102 ms	0.44	0.01	116.47 KB	4.88

LengthFilteredScan	2	clustered	201.52 ms	17.681 ms	0.969 ms	1.00	0.01	103.44 KB	1.00
TreeWithinDistance	2	clustered	246.28 ms	14.772 ms	0.810 ms	1.22	0.01	259 KB	2.50

LengthFilteredScan	2	uniform	206.37 ms	14.937 ms	0.819 ms	1.00	0.00	54.65 KB	1.00
TreeWithinDistance	2	uniform	221.36 ms	60.957 ms	3.341 ms	1.07	0.01	192.8 KB	3.53

LengthFilteredScan	3	clustered	253.27 ms	8.875 ms	0.486 ms	1.00	0.00	949.9 KB	1.00
TreeWithinDistance	3	clustered	345.43 ms	86.158 ms	4.723 ms	1.36	0.02	1366.63 KB	1.44

LengthFilteredScan	3	uniform	257.45 ms	16.137 ms	0.885 ms	1.00	0.00	741.56 KB	1.00
TreeWithinDistance	3	uniform	316.18 ms	25.985 ms	1.424 ms	1.23	0.01	1152.13 KB	1.55

LengthFilteredScan	4	clustered	298.61 ms	13.973 ms	0.766 ms	1.00	0.00	5112.74 KB	1.00
TreeWithinDistance	4	clustered	400.94 ms	83.414 ms	4.572 ms	1.34	0.01	7216.2 KB	1.41

LengthFilteredScan	4	uniform	299.98 ms	3.227 ms	0.177 ms	1.00	0.00	5514.13 KB	1.00
TreeWithinDistance	4	uniform	392.23 ms	66.194 ms	3.628 ms	1.31	0.01	7964.5 KB	1.44

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.BlockedTableBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Allocated
Latin	1000	44.89 μs	2.032 μs	0.111 μs	-
Cjk	1000	63.36 μs	0.852 μs	0.047 μs	-
Latin	10000	4,098.66 μs	174.908 μs	9.587 μs	-
Cjk	10000	6,901.24 μs	428.863 μs	23.507 μs	-
Latin	65536	184,158.32 μs	5,101.241 μs	279.616 μs	-

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.BlockedTableBenchmarks-report-github (run 2)

As of 2026-08-27, measured at commit 2483f1a00691271083f00baf3835de96bf0a4076.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 9V74, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.400
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.11 (10.0.1126.37416), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.11 (10.0.1126.37416), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Allocated
Latin	1000	51.93 μs	0.631 μs	0.035 μs	-
Cjk	1000	56.06 μs	2.402 μs	0.132 μs	-
Latin	10000	5,514.80 μs	1,122.506 μs	61.528 μs	-
Cjk	10000	6,234.71 μs	289.373 μs	15.862 μs	-
Latin	65536	202,152.38 μs	5,826.234 μs	319.356 μs	-

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.Bm25Benchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-15, measured at commit fd2e93693d2ef2d4f90ea338ac7f08615c02f6c5.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 9V74, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX-512F+CD+BW+DQ+VL+VBMI
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX-512F+CD+BW+DQ+VL+VBMI

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Documents	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
LodestarQuery	1000	1.415 μs	0.5015 μs	0.0275 μs	1.00	0.02	0.0248	-	-	424 B	1.00
LodestarQueryMultiTerm	1000	2.165 μs	1.0193 μs	0.0559 μs	1.53	0.04	0.0229	-	-	424 B	1.00
LuceneQuery	1000	2.546 μs	0.6739 μs	0.0369 μs	1.80	0.04	0.3128	-	-	5264 B	12.42
LodestarFromText	1000	3,072.235 μs	2,876.2947 μs	157.6594 μs	2,171.98	103.36	906.2500	875.0000	875.0000	3723191 B	8,781.11
LuceneFromText	1000	5,816.089 μs	508.5427 μs	27.8749 μs	4,111.81	71.95	85.9375	78.1250	7.8125	1375127 B	3,243.22

LodestarQuery	20000	21.804 μs	0.9885 μs	0.0542 μs	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	424 B	1.00
LodestarQueryMultiTerm	20000	32.090 μs	3.2079 μs	0.1758 μs	1.47	0.01	-	-	-	424 B	1.00
LuceneQuery	20000	14.133 μs	1.4614 μs	0.0801 μs	0.65	0.00	0.5035	-	-	8648 B	20.40
LodestarFromText	20000	52,807.099 μs	7,521.9632 μs	412.3042 μs	2,421.92	17.19	1700.0000	1700.0000	1700.0000	61665538 B	145,437.59
LuceneFromText	20000	116,145.104 μs	5,633.7369 μs	308.8041 μs	5,326.83	16.80	1200.0000	1000.0000	-	22417157 B	52,870.65

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.BpeBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Unigram	28.25 ms	1.484 ms	0.081 ms	1.00	0.00	500.0000	8.19 MB	1.00
Bpe	86.79 ms	19.052 ms	1.044 ms	3.07	0.03	1666.6667	28.47 MB	3.48

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.BpeScalingBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
BpeOnOnePathologicalToken	512	18.73 μs	1.046 μs	0.057 μs	0.4578	7.48 KB
BpeOnOnePathologicalToken	1024	66.48 μs	16.322 μs	0.895 μs	0.8545	14.53 KB
BpeOnOnePathologicalToken	2048	181.66 μs	17.199 μs	0.943 μs	1.7090	28.58 KB
BpeOnOnePathologicalToken	4096	376.51 μs	15.839 μs	0.868 μs	3.4180	56.63 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.BpeWordCacheBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  InvocationCount=1  IterationCount=3  
LaunchCount=1  UnrollFactor=1  WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Allocated
EncodeUnseenProse	11.71 ms	71.13 ms	3.899 ms	1.7 MB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.BucketRouteDiagnostics-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Alphabet	Mean	Error	StdDev	Allocated
DpGroup	cjk	19.123 μs	0.4099 μs	0.0225 μs	-
MyersGroup	cjk	244.908 μs	70.2295 μs	3.8495 μs	-
DpGroup	latin	9.864 μs	2.3569 μs	0.1292 μs	-
MyersGroup	latin	130.348 μs	3.4830 μs	0.1909 μs	-

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.CdistCutoffBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Cutoff	Widths	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Cdist_Bounded	0	False	305.55 μs	9.550 μs	0.523 μs	1.00	0.00	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Cdist_EveryPair	0	False	312.27 μs	43.411 μs	2.380 μs	1.02	0.01	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00

Lodestar_Cdist_Bounded	0	True	335.70 μs	27.194 μs	1.491 μs	1.00	0.01	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Cdist_EveryPair	0	True	338.50 μs	8.817 μs	0.483 μs	1.01	0.00	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00

Lodestar_Cdist_Bounded	60	False	321.76 μs	15.198 μs	0.833 μs	1.00	0.00	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Cdist_EveryPair	60	False	301.32 μs	13.670 μs	0.749 μs	0.94	0.00	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00

Lodestar_Cdist_Bounded	60	True	267.48 μs	13.120 μs	0.719 μs	1.00	0.00	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Cdist_EveryPair	60	True	323.59 μs	10.105 μs	0.554 μs	1.21	0.00	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00

Lodestar_Cdist_Bounded	80	False	288.05 μs	61.685 μs	3.381 μs	1.00	0.01	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Cdist_EveryPair	80	False	292.33 μs	8.382 μs	0.459 μs	1.01	0.01	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00

Lodestar_Cdist_Bounded	80	True	179.77 μs	11.915 μs	0.653 μs	1.00	0.00	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Cdist_EveryPair	80	True	308.01 μs	48.279 μs	2.646 μs	1.71	0.01	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00

Lodestar_Cdist_Bounded	90	False	234.74 μs	154.168 μs	8.450 μs	1.00	0.04	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Cdist_EveryPair	90	False	298.12 μs	49.645 μs	2.721 μs	1.27	0.04	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00

Lodestar_Cdist_Bounded	90	True	89.28 μs	19.974 μs	1.095 μs	1.00	0.02	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Cdist_EveryPair	90	True	327.20 μs	14.834 μs	0.813 μs	3.67	0.04	1.9531	32.02 KB	1.00

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.CdistIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Size	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Cdist	50	181.7 μs	18.78 μs	1.03 μs	1.00	0.9766	-	-	19.55 KB	1.00
Lodestar_HandWrittenLoop	50	166.0 μs	13.93 μs	0.76 μs	0.91	0.9766	-	-	19.55 KB	1.00
FuzzySharp_ExtractAllPerQuery	50	473.4 μs	16.68 μs	0.91 μs	2.61	18.0664	-	-	301.95 KB	15.44

Lodestar_Cdist	200	3,263.0 μs	48.75 μs	2.67 μs	1.00	97.6563	97.6563	97.6563	312.62 KB	1.00
Lodestar_HandWrittenLoop	200	3,144.0 μs	286.09 μs	15.68 μs	0.96	97.6563	97.6563	97.6563	312.62 KB	1.00
FuzzySharp_ExtractAllPerQuery	200	7,705.9 μs	164.91 μs	9.04 μs	2.36	289.0625	-	-	4723.45 KB	15.11

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.ClassificationReportBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Classes	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Allocated
Report	10	577.8 ns	94.61 ns	5.19 ns	0.0935	-	1.54 KB
Report	1000	690,140.0 ns	28,041.95 ns	1,537.07 ns	6.8359	0.9766	117.56 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.ClassifierCurveBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Samples	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Roc	1000000	137.5 ms	11.17 ms	0.61 ms	750.0000	750.0000	750.0000	53.79 MB
PrecisionRecall	1000000	124.6 ms	10.61 ms	0.58 ms	800.0000	800.0000	800.0000	68.66 MB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.ClusteringAgreementBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Samples	Clusters	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
AdjustedRandScore	100000	10	2.132 ms	0.1380 ms	0.0076 ms	-	-	-	12.07 KB
MutualInformationScore	100000	10	2.151 ms	0.2474 ms	0.0136 ms	-	-	-	12.07 KB
AdjustedMutualInformationScore	100000	10	21.528 ms	0.3826 ms	0.0210 ms	218.7500	218.7500	218.7500	1031.09 KB
AdjustedRandScore	100000	100	3.028 ms	0.2518 ms	0.0138 ms	210.9375	199.2188	199.2188	937.61 KB
MutualInformationScore	100000	100	3.203 ms	1.3212 ms	0.0724 ms	187.5000	187.5000	187.5000	937.61 KB
AdjustedMutualInformationScore	100000	100	183.440 ms	17.3897 ms	0.9532 ms	333.3333	333.3333	333.3333	1745.05 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.DamerauLevenshteinBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar	12	908.5 ns	28.50 ns	1.56 ns	1.00	0.00	0.0496	-	-	840 B	1.00
F23StringSimilarity	12	1,895.4 ns	58.65 ns	3.21 ns	2.09	0.00	0.0896	-	-	1520 B	1.81

Lodestar	120	69,344.9 ns	10,568.02 ns	579.27 ns	1.00	0.01	0.1221	-	-	2128 B	1.00
F23StringSimilarity	120	154,735.6 ns	3,548.05 ns	194.48 ns	2.23	0.02	3.4180	-	-	61064 B	28.70

Lodestar	1000	4,514,031.3 ns	522,796.74 ns	28,656.25 ns	1.00	0.01	-	-	-	5656 B	1.00
F23StringSimilarity	1000	12,379,178.6 ns	402,612.89 ns	22,068.57 ns	2.74	0.02	984.3750	984.3750	984.3750	4018553 B	710.49

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.DbscanDimensionBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Shape	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Fit	10000x8x8	153.55 ms	38.585 ms	2.115 ms	1.00	0.02	1750.0000	1750.0000	1750.0000	29.42 MB	1.00
NumFlat_Fit	10000x8x8	2,334.95 ms	45.005 ms	2.467 ms	15.21	0.18	14000.0000	8000.0000	7000.0000	156.3 MB	5.31

Lodestar_Fit	5000x16x8	53.99 ms	1.331 ms	0.073 ms	1.00	0.00	1400.0000	1400.0000	1400.0000	13.95 MB	1.00
NumFlat_Fit	5000x16x8	843.49 ms	46.789 ms	2.565 ms	15.62	0.05	5000.0000	3000.0000	3000.0000	59.77 MB	4.28

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.DbscanIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Shape	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Fit	20000x2x10	162.50 ms	14.871 ms	0.815 ms	1.00	0.01	1000.0000	1000.0000	1000.0000	112.66 MB	1.00
NumFlat_Fit	20000x2x10	7,247.90 ms	60.220 ms	3.301 ms	44.60	0.19	38000.0000	14000.0000	11000.0000	531.87 MB	4.72
Dbscan_CalculateClusters	20000x2x10	3,949.23 ms	141.236 ms	7.742 ms	24.30	0.11	22000.0000	12000.0000	10000.0000	372.13 MB	3.30

Lodestar_Fit	5000x2x5	19.47 ms	3.647 ms	0.200 ms	1.00	0.01	1312.5000	1312.5000	1312.5000	14.16 MB	1.00
NumFlat_Fit	5000x2x5	475.15 ms	42.859 ms	2.349 ms	24.40	0.24	4000.0000	3000.0000	2000.0000	66.59 MB	4.70
Dbscan_CalculateClusters	5000x2x5	267.21 ms	30.780 ms	1.687 ms	13.72	0.14	3500.0000	3500.0000	3500.0000	40.4 MB	2.85

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.DecompositionBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD
TruncatedSvd_Rank20	13.196 ms	1.2151 ms	0.0666 ms	1.00	0.01
Nmf_Rank20	110.545 ms	23.7607 ms	1.3024 ms	8.38	0.09
Nmf_Transform	3.377 ms	0.1393 ms	0.0076 ms	0.26	0.00
MlNet_ProjectToPrincipalComponents_Rank20	24.632 ms	0.8377 ms	0.0459 ms	1.87	0.01

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.DecompositionWidthBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Columns	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
TruncatedSvd_Rank20	500	20,712.3 μs	343.3 μs	18.82 μs	3031.2500	3000.0000	3000.0000	12151.25 KB
TruncatedSvd_Transform	500	549.9 μs	105.0 μs	5.76 μs	94.7266	90.8203	90.8203	390.73 KB
Nmf_Frobenius_Rank20	500	189,099.4 μs	16,053.1 μs	879.92 μs	4500.0000	4500.0000	4500.0000	18143.4 KB
Nmf_KullbackLeibler_Rank20	500	252,092.6 μs	16,264.0 μs	891.48 μs	4500.0000	4500.0000	4500.0000	18596.16 KB
TruncatedSvd_Rank20	20000	189,667.9 μs	6,631.7 μs	363.51 μs	2666.6667	2666.6667	2666.6667	105766.49 KB
TruncatedSvd_Transform	20000	1,898.6 μs	633.2 μs	34.71 μs	496.0938	496.0938	496.0938	3437.86 KB
Nmf_Frobenius_Rank20	20000	786,090.9 μs	29,795.0 μs	1,633.16 μs	5000.0000	5000.0000	5000.0000	156850.69 KB
Nmf_KullbackLeibler_Rank20	20000	634,963.3 μs	34,318.6 μs	1,881.12 μs	5000.0000	5000.0000	5000.0000	157305.7 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.DoubleMetaphoneBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
Encode	288.2 μs	16.45 μs	0.90 μs	29.7852	488.6 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.EmbeddingSearchBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Count	Mean	Error	StdDev	Allocated
SearchTop10	10000	526.3 μs	111.8 μs	6.13 μs	1.63 KB
SearchTop10	100000	7,653.2 μs	1,409.1 μs	77.24 μs	1.63 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.EmbeddingSearchHelpersBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Rows	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
FromBlockNormalized	1000	698.1 μs	12.42 μs	0.68 μs	249.0234	249.0234	249.0234	1500.18 KB
MmrSelect100	1000	7,183.2 μs	92.21 μs	5.05 μs	-	-	-	24.93 KB
FromBlockNormalized	100000	57,651.9 μs	3,113.93 μs	170.69 μs	222.2222	222.2222	222.2222	150000.24 KB
MmrSelect100	100000	7,240.2 μs	223.54 μs	12.25 μs	-	-	-	24.93 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.EncoderIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]     : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  Job-KCLZQT : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

LaunchCount=1

Method	Job	InvocationCount	IterationCount	RunStrategy	UnrollFactor	WarmupCount	RowCount	Mean	Error	StdDev	Median	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_OneHot	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	290.36 μs	14.569 μs	16.193 μs	287.97 μs	1.00	0.08	-	-	-	166.8 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Ordinal	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	386.78 μs	65.247 μs	72.522 μs	399.56 μs	1.34	0.25	-	-	-	17.84 KB	0.11
Lodestar_Impute	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	112.04 μs	14.252 μs	16.413 μs	108.74 μs	0.39	0.06	-	-	-	31.85 KB	0.19
MlNet_OneHotEncoding_Fit	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	419.38 μs	21.787 μs	25.090 μs	419.78 μs	1.45	0.11	-	-	-	34.19 KB	0.20
MlNet_OneHotEncoding_Read	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	1,692.83 μs	79.118 μs	87.940 μs	1,682.95 μs	5.85	0.42	-	-	-	338 KB	2.03
MlNet_ReplaceMissingValues_Read	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	1,291.20 μs	72.765 μs	74.724 μs	1,306.38 μs	4.46	0.34	-	-	-	311.92 KB	1.87

Lodestar_OneHot	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	172.25 μs	15.091 μs	0.827 μs	172.56 μs	1.00	0.01	49.8047	49.8047	49.8047	165.86 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Ordinal	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	70.95 μs	6.108 μs	0.335 μs	70.96 μs	0.41	0.00	0.9766	-	-	16.91 KB	0.10
Lodestar_Impute	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	17.40 μs	1.164 μs	0.064 μs	17.41 μs	0.10	0.00	1.8921	-	-	31.42 KB	0.19
MlNet_OneHotEncoding_Fit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	968.53 μs	2,528.888 μs	138.617 μs	963.86 μs	5.62	0.70	59.5703	7.8125	-	986.36 KB	5.95
MlNet_OneHotEncoding_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	936.83 μs	1,051.480 μs	57.635 μs	964.48 μs	5.44	0.29	48.8281	7.8125	-	793.84 KB	4.79
MlNet_ReplaceMissingValues_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	319.88 μs	354.473 μs	19.430 μs	325.16 μs	1.86	0.10	17.5781	15.6250	-	293.06 KB	1.77

Lodestar_OneHot	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	5,727.59 μs	163.852 μs	175.320 μs	5,624.36 μs	1.00	0.04	-	-	-	3283.98 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Ordinal	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	4,435.94 μs	714.106 μs	793.727 μs	4,966.14 μs	0.78	0.14	-	-	-	314.71 KB	0.10
Lodestar_Impute	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	696.30 μs	13.502 μs	14.447 μs	692.84 μs	0.12	0.00	-	-	-	625.93 KB	0.19
MlNet_OneHotEncoding_Fit	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	4,683.81 μs	97.301 μs	95.563 μs	4,663.72 μs	0.82	0.03	-	-	-	34.19 KB	0.01
MlNet_OneHotEncoding_Read	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	17,471.62 μs	1,635.376 μs	1,679.411 μs	18,296.72 μs	3.05	0.30	-	-	-	525.28 KB	0.16
MlNet_ReplaceMissingValues_Read	Job-KCLZQT	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	11,055.73 μs	4,928.100 μs	5,675.207 μs	13,220.18 μs	1.93	0.97	-	-	-	456.54 KB	0.14

Lodestar_OneHot	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	3,758.62 μs	292.236 μs	16.018 μs	3,761.67 μs	1.00	0.01	992.1875	992.1875	992.1875	3291.57 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Ordinal	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	3,151.74 μs	226.389 μs	12.409 μs	3,155.34 μs	0.84	0.00	89.8438	89.8438	89.8438	314.42 KB	0.10
Lodestar_Impute	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	437.23 μs	217.304 μs	11.911 μs	434.25 μs	0.12	0.00	129.3945	129.3945	129.3945	626.2 KB	0.19
MlNet_OneHotEncoding_Fit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	1,550.36 μs	1,162.832 μs	63.739 μs	1,544.43 μs	0.41	0.01	29.2969	5.8594	-	510.02 KB	0.15
MlNet_OneHotEncoding_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	4,148.03 μs	650.459 μs	35.654 μs	4,147.21 μs	1.10	0.01	31.2500	15.6250	-	567.76 KB	0.17
MlNet_ReplaceMissingValues_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	2,519.20 μs	779.704 μs	42.738 μs	2,499.08 μs	0.67	0.01	27.3438	11.7188	-	457.88 KB	0.14

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.FilteredVectorSearchBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Records	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
FilteredTop10	10000	472.7 μs	566.27 μs	31.04 μs	-	7.17 KB
Unfiltered	10000	547.7 μs	56.78 μs	3.11 μs	-	2.93 KB
HybridSelective	10000	642.3 μs	48.33 μs	2.65 μs	-	15.11 KB
HybridBroad	10000	1,497.7 μs	488.77 μs	26.79 μs	9.7656	342.49 KB
FilteredTop10	100000	8,886.1 μs	406.08 μs	22.26 μs	-	7.19 KB
Unfiltered	100000	7,954.0 μs	1,370.70 μs	75.13 μs	-	2.95 KB
HybridSelective	100000	8,614.1 μs	910.46 μs	49.91 μs	-	15.15 KB
HybridBroad	100000	16,667.4 μs	1,314.47 μs	72.05 μs	-	3155.14 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.FuzzBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Ratio	97.41 ns	1.520 ns	0.083 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
PartialRatio	748.05 ns	55.161 ns	3.024 ns	7.68	0.03	-	-	NA
TokenSortRatio	859.10 ns	80.903 ns	4.435 ns	8.82	0.04	0.0668	1120 B	NA
TokenSetRatio	1,026.92 ns	54.122 ns	2.967 ns	10.54	0.03	0.0534	896 B	NA
WRatio	1,289.23 ns	258.175 ns	14.151 ns	13.24	0.13	0.0668	1120 B	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.FuzzCodePointBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Ratio_RepeatedEmoji	2,018,643.8405 ns	315,269.4613 ns	17,280.9831 ns	1.000	0.01	7.8125	-	160507 B	1.00
TokenSortRatio_EmojiWords	672,003.0628 ns	36,822.1243 ns	2,018.3449 ns	0.333	0.00	35.1563	12.6953	602665 B	3.75
WRatio_ProseAndOneEmoji	1,116,574.3701 ns	116,900.1349 ns	6,407.6909 ns	0.553	0.00	42.9688	15.6250	720569 B	4.49
Ratio_DistinctAstral	69,519,469.0000 ns	1,556,064.8720 ns	85,293.1667 ns	34.440	0.26	-	-	510798 B	3.18
WRatio_EmptyOperand	0.0000 ns	0.0000 ns	0.0000 ns	0.000	0.00	-	-	-	0.00

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.FuzzIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Operation	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar	Ratio	98.73 ns	1.473 ns	0.081 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
FuzzySharp	Ratio	207.29 ns	5.276 ns	0.289 ns	2.10	0.00	0.0048	80 B	NA

Lodestar	PartialRatio	774.18 ns	6.754 ns	0.370 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
FuzzySharp	PartialRatio	10,567.79 ns	824.857 ns	45.213 ns	13.65	0.05	-	160 B	NA

Lodestar	TokenSetRatio	1,003.38 ns	50.407 ns	2.763 ns	1.00	0.00	0.0534	896 B	1.00
FuzzySharp	TokenSetRatio	2,135.34 ns	92.496 ns	5.070 ns	2.13	0.01	0.1144	1944 B	2.17

Lodestar	WRatio	1,213.79 ns	15.238 ns	0.835 ns	1.00	0.00	0.0668	1120 B	1.00
FuzzySharp	WRatio	4,980.36 ns	159.632 ns	8.750 ns	4.10	0.01	0.1831	3096 B	2.76

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.HouseholderQrBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Rows	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Householder	2000	1.629 ms	0.1298 ms	0.0071 ms	277.3438	259.7656	250.0000	1.38 MB
Householder	20000	17.176 ms	0.6729 ms	0.0369 ms	968.7500	968.7500	968.7500	13.74 MB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.IndelBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Distance_Utf16	8	26.61 ns	0.259 ns	0.014 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	8	41.27 ns	0.680 ns	0.037 ns	1.55	0.00	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	8	30.04 ns	1.079 ns	0.059 ns	1.13	0.00	-	NA
SubsequenceLength_Utf16	8	26.70 ns	0.387 ns	0.021 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	12	27.86 ns	0.688 ns	0.038 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	12	43.03 ns	2.097 ns	0.115 ns	1.54	0.00	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	12	28.80 ns	0.313 ns	0.017 ns	1.03	0.00	-	NA
SubsequenceLength_Utf16	12	28.06 ns	1.406 ns	0.077 ns	1.01	0.00	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	16	30.63 ns	0.508 ns	0.028 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	16	45.59 ns	1.706 ns	0.094 ns	1.49	0.00	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	16	31.59 ns	0.579 ns	0.032 ns	1.03	0.00	-	NA
SubsequenceLength_Utf16	16	30.75 ns	0.316 ns	0.017 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	20	36.90 ns	1.316 ns	0.072 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	20	47.99 ns	5.376 ns	0.295 ns	1.30	0.01	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	20	35.34 ns	0.281 ns	0.015 ns	0.96	0.00	-	NA
SubsequenceLength_Utf16	20	47.24 ns	28.514 ns	1.563 ns	1.28	0.04	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	24	58.87 ns	4.109 ns	0.225 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	24	88.74 ns	15.501 ns	0.850 ns	1.51	0.01	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	24	57.73 ns	0.728 ns	0.040 ns	0.98	0.00	-	NA
SubsequenceLength_Utf16	24	62.79 ns	1.480 ns	0.081 ns	1.07	0.00	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	32	62.55 ns	0.728 ns	0.040 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	32	69.51 ns	0.903 ns	0.049 ns	1.11	0.00	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	32	65.90 ns	0.683 ns	0.037 ns	1.05	0.00	-	NA
SubsequenceLength_Utf16	32	61.65 ns	1.983 ns	0.109 ns	0.99	0.00	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	128	407.31 ns	3.459 ns	0.190 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	128	416.85 ns	26.544 ns	1.455 ns	1.02	0.00	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	128	406.62 ns	0.192 ns	0.011 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
SubsequenceLength_Utf16	128	405.64 ns	21.475 ns	1.177 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	512	4,687.27 ns	150.803 ns	8.266 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	512	4,815.24 ns	369.234 ns	20.239 ns	1.03	0.00	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	512	4,611.45 ns	62.192 ns	3.409 ns	0.98	0.00	-	NA
SubsequenceLength_Utf16	512	4,653.73 ns	17.825 ns	0.977 ns	0.99	0.00	-	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.IndelCodePointBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Distance_CodePoint	20	398.1 ns	14.24 ns	0.78 ns	1.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	20	190.0 ns	1.81 ns	0.10 ns	0.48	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	128	2,406.3 ns	68.03 ns	3.73 ns	1.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	128	3,041.9 ns	21.12 ns	1.16 ns	1.26	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	512	13,098.2 ns	38.55 ns	2.11 ns	1.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	512	32,348.4 ns	1,534.23 ns	84.10 ns	2.47	-	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.IndelPatternBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Corpus	Length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Pairwise	beyondTable	4	8,710.8 ns	1,396.72 ns	76.56 ns	1.00	0.01	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	beyondTable	4	7,939.6 ns	138.40 ns	7.59 ns	0.91	0.01	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	beyondTable	4	12,152.2 ns	1,097.39 ns	60.15 ns	1.40	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	beyondTable	16	9,932.2 ns	2,606.25 ns	142.86 ns	1.00	0.02	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	beyondTable	16	9,926.8 ns	888.94 ns	48.73 ns	1.00	0.01	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	beyondTable	16	14,713.9 ns	834.10 ns	45.72 ns	1.48	0.02	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	beyondTable	32	12,296.2 ns	3,273.09 ns	179.41 ns	1.00	0.02	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	beyondTable	32	12,006.1 ns	633.81 ns	34.74 ns	0.98	0.01	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	beyondTable	32	18,245.3 ns	3,864.53 ns	211.83 ns	1.48	0.02	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	longAffix	4	5,361.3 ns	901.38 ns	49.41 ns	1.00	0.01	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	longAffix	4	6,374.0 ns	558.38 ns	30.61 ns	1.19	0.01	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	longAffix	4	9,342.4 ns	407.65 ns	22.34 ns	1.74	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	longAffix	16	7,211.3 ns	5,110.75 ns	280.14 ns	1.00	0.05	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	longAffix	16	6,995.8 ns	1,090.52 ns	59.78 ns	0.97	0.03	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	longAffix	16	11,358.9 ns	1,348.18 ns	73.90 ns	1.58	0.05	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	longAffix	32	9,337.2 ns	4,937.27 ns	270.63 ns	1.00	0.04	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	longAffix	32	8,976.4 ns	675.96 ns	37.05 ns	0.96	0.02	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	longAffix	32	15,744.3 ns	1,941.74 ns	106.43 ns	1.69	0.04	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	oneWordAffix	4	3,697.9 ns	57.79 ns	3.17 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	oneWordAffix	4	4,077.1 ns	345.43 ns	18.93 ns	1.10	0.00	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	oneWordAffix	4	7,351.3 ns	379.75 ns	20.82 ns	1.99	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	oneWordAffix	16	5,248.7 ns	589.89 ns	32.33 ns	1.00	0.01	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	oneWordAffix	16	5,875.6 ns	388.28 ns	21.28 ns	1.12	0.01	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	oneWordAffix	16	11,907.2 ns	770.69 ns	42.24 ns	2.27	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	oneWordAffix	32	7,965.4 ns	446.40 ns	24.47 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	oneWordAffix	32	7,346.7 ns	520.97 ns	28.56 ns	0.92	0.00	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	oneWordAffix	32	14,169.3 ns	897.02 ns	49.17 ns	1.78	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	sharing24	4	2,387.7 ns	14.31 ns	0.78 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	sharing24	4	2,136.5 ns	106.47 ns	5.84 ns	0.89	0.00	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	sharing24	4	5,938.4 ns	372.74 ns	20.43 ns	2.49	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	sharing24	16	3,973.3 ns	66.80 ns	3.66 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	sharing24	16	2,879.4 ns	231.53 ns	12.69 ns	0.72	0.00	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	sharing24	16	8,666.7 ns	905.63 ns	49.64 ns	2.18	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	sharing24	32	6,459.9 ns	225.60 ns	12.37 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	sharing24	32	3,829.5 ns	386.94 ns	21.21 ns	0.59	0.00	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	sharing24	32	12,806.8 ns	583.30 ns	31.97 ns	1.98	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	suffixOnly	4	3,585.9 ns	110.34 ns	6.05 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	suffixOnly	4	3,400.0 ns	131.87 ns	7.23 ns	0.95	0.00	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	suffixOnly	4	7,290.1 ns	123.47 ns	6.77 ns	2.03	0.00	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	suffixOnly	16	5,370.6 ns	1,109.95 ns	60.84 ns	1.00	0.01	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	suffixOnly	16	4,254.8 ns	247.24 ns	13.55 ns	0.79	0.01	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	suffixOnly	16	10,546.0 ns	610.04 ns	33.44 ns	1.96	0.02	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	suffixOnly	32	7,762.9 ns	402.13 ns	22.04 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	suffixOnly	32	8,021.2 ns	777.19 ns	42.60 ns	1.03	0.01	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	suffixOnly	32	13,591.8 ns	446.54 ns	24.48 ns	1.75	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	unrelated	4	1,335.0 ns	22.59 ns	1.24 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	unrelated	4	596.4 ns	40.12 ns	2.20 ns	0.45	0.00	0.0019	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	unrelated	4	5,075.4 ns	62.63 ns	3.43 ns	3.80	0.00	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	unrelated	16	3,010.5 ns	115.67 ns	6.34 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	unrelated	16	1,418.9 ns	96.27 ns	5.28 ns	0.47	0.00	0.0019	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	unrelated	16	14,023.9 ns	722.60 ns	39.61 ns	4.66	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar_Pairwise	unrelated	32	5,245.5 ns	29.86 ns	1.64 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Lodestar_HeldPattern	unrelated	32	2,373.7 ns	149.75 ns	8.21 ns	0.45	0.00	-	40 B	NA
FuzzySharp_PerText	unrelated	32	12,082.9 ns	647.32 ns	35.48 ns	2.30	0.01	0.3052	5120 B	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.KMeansFitIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Shape	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Fit	10000x16x16	5,615.2 μs	211.30 μs	11.58 μs	1.00	0.00	250.0000	242.1875	242.1875	1495.92 KB	1.000
NumFlat_Fit	10000x16x16	38,830.4 μs	1,010.47 μs	55.39 μs	6.92	0.02	-	-	-	10.39 KB	0.007
MetaNumerics_Fit	10000x16x16	86,836.5 μs	84,808.78 μs	4,648.66 μs	15.46	0.72	-	-	-	41.95 KB	0.028

Lodestar_Fit	10000x2x8	822.6 μs	54.04 μs	2.96 μs	1.00	0.00	49.8047	49.8047	49.8047	391.94 KB	1.000
NumFlat_Fit	10000x2x8	4,819.1 μs	88.51 μs	4.85 μs	5.86	0.02	-	-	-	3 KB	0.008
MetaNumerics_Fit	10000x2x8	3,047.5 μs	108.52 μs	5.95 μs	3.70	0.01	-	-	-	39.57 KB	0.101

Lodestar_Fit	50000x8x32	26,304.7 μs	1,857.69 μs	101.83 μs	1.00	0.00	343.7500	343.7500	343.7500	4309.02 KB	1.000
NumFlat_Fit	50000x8x32	443,327.5 μs	96,082.30 μs	5,266.60 μs	16.85	0.18	-	-	-	16.29 KB	0.004
MetaNumerics_Fit	50000x8x32	751,355.1 μs	54,887.24 μs	3,008.56 μs	28.56	0.14	-	-	-	199.91 KB	0.046

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.KMeansLloydIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Shape	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Lloyd	10000x16x16	4.948 ms	0.1453 ms	0.0080 ms	1.00	0.00	250.0000	242.1875	242.1875	1426.34 KB	1.000
NumFlat_Lloyd	10000x16x16	16.819 ms	2.0019 ms	0.1097 ms	3.40	0.02	-	-	-	13.6 KB	0.010

Lodestar_Lloyd	10000x2x8	26.121 ms	4.0838 ms	0.2238 ms	1.00	0.01	31.2500	31.2500	31.2500	360.4 KB	1.00
NumFlat_Lloyd	10000x2x8	112.508 ms	5.7816 ms	0.3169 ms	4.31	0.03	-	-	-	96.48 KB	0.27

Lodestar_Lloyd	50000x8x32	46.749 ms	6.9836 ms	0.3828 ms	1.00	0.01	181.8182	181.8182	181.8182	3946.72 KB	1.000
NumFlat_Lloyd	50000x8x32	206.702 ms	4.0770 ms	0.2235 ms	4.42	0.03	-	-	-	36.47 KB	0.009

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.LcsGateBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Band	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Dp	8	132.40 ns	16.050 ns	0.880 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Kernel	8	58.78 ns	4.078 ns	0.224 ns	0.44	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	8	131.91 ns	2.101 ns	0.115 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	8	97.63 ns	3.733 ns	0.205 ns	0.74	0.00	-	NA

Dp	12	230.06 ns	194.909 ns	10.684 ns	1.00	0.06	-	NA
Kernel	12	62.30 ns	4.297 ns	0.236 ns	0.27	0.01	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	12	229.17 ns	50.746 ns	2.782 ns	1.00	0.04	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	12	109.56 ns	1.161 ns	0.064 ns	0.48	0.02	-	NA

Dp	14	267.89 ns	11.114 ns	0.609 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	14	66.21 ns	1.660 ns	0.091 ns	0.25	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	14	266.91 ns	10.227 ns	0.561 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	14	113.39 ns	0.776 ns	0.043 ns	0.42	0.00	-	NA

Dp	16	379.53 ns	19.409 ns	1.064 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	16	71.84 ns	1.725 ns	0.095 ns	0.19	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	16	354.70 ns	114.946 ns	6.301 ns	0.93	0.01	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	16	119.22 ns	14.243 ns	0.781 ns	0.31	0.00	-	NA

Dp	18	436.17 ns	17.210 ns	0.943 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	18	73.75 ns	0.730 ns	0.040 ns	0.17	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	18	439.73 ns	68.423 ns	3.751 ns	1.01	0.01	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	18	125.93 ns	3.187 ns	0.175 ns	0.29	0.00	-	NA

Dp	20	759.40 ns	71.533 ns	3.921 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Kernel	20	79.24 ns	3.900 ns	0.214 ns	0.10	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	20	771.79 ns	2.948 ns	0.162 ns	1.02	0.00	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	20	129.08 ns	5.547 ns	0.304 ns	0.17	0.00	-	NA

Dp	24	990.01 ns	281.822 ns	15.448 ns	1.00	0.02	-	NA
Kernel	24	86.30 ns	1.431 ns	0.078 ns	0.09	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	24	993.51 ns	166.172 ns	9.108 ns	1.00	0.02	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	24	140.76 ns	3.989 ns	0.219 ns	0.14	0.00	-	NA

Dp	32	1,580.40 ns	186.417 ns	10.218 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Kernel	32	115.24 ns	7.144 ns	0.392 ns	0.07	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	32	1,526.43 ns	159.393 ns	8.737 ns	0.97	0.01	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	32	164.96 ns	5.691 ns	0.312 ns	0.10	0.00	-	NA

Dp	48	3,156.31 ns	838.318 ns	45.951 ns	1.00	0.02	-	NA
Kernel	48	132.73 ns	0.295 ns	0.016 ns	0.04	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	48	3,316.27 ns	2,036.438 ns	111.624 ns	1.05	0.03	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	48	240.93 ns	12.992 ns	0.712 ns	0.08	0.00	-	NA

Dp	64	5,214.39 ns	4,134.348 ns	226.618 ns	1.00	0.05	-	NA
Kernel	64	162.26 ns	2.191 ns	0.120 ns	0.03	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	64	5,500.64 ns	103.918 ns	5.696 ns	1.06	0.04	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	64	294.45 ns	37.786 ns	2.071 ns	0.06	0.00	-	NA

Dp	96	11,796.31 ns	6,109.193 ns	334.865 ns	1.00	0.03	-	NA
Kernel	96	351.89 ns	5.350 ns	0.293 ns	0.03	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	96	12,416.68 ns	688.834 ns	37.757 ns	1.05	0.03	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	96	939.76 ns	53.768 ns	2.947 ns	0.08	0.00	-	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.LevenshteinBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Distance_Utf16	8	24.60 ns	0.278 ns	0.015 ns	1.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16_Cjk	8	24.72 ns	0.394 ns	0.022 ns	1.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	8	119.58 ns	3.676 ns	0.202 ns	4.86	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	8	25.13 ns	0.636 ns	0.035 ns	1.02	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	64	276.20 ns	22.725 ns	1.246 ns	1.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16_Cjk	64	362.54 ns	5.376 ns	0.295 ns	1.31	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	64	672.39 ns	45.069 ns	2.470 ns	2.43	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	64	277.67 ns	24.196 ns	1.326 ns	1.01	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	128	904.73 ns	18.072 ns	0.991 ns	1.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16_Cjk	128	1,899.33 ns	110.824 ns	6.075 ns	2.10	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	128	1,593.90 ns	112.756 ns	6.181 ns	1.76	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	128	921.56 ns	61.776 ns	3.386 ns	1.02	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	512	10,978.46 ns	89.799 ns	4.922 ns	1.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16_Cjk	512	16,887.28 ns	333.391 ns	18.274 ns	1.54	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	512	13,372.08 ns	153.633 ns	8.421 ns	1.22	-	NA
NormalizedSimilarity_Utf16	512	11,038.00 ns	13.839 ns	0.759 ns	1.01	-	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.LevenshteinCodePointBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Length	Distinct	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Distance_CodePoint	16	32	345.3 ns	49.96 ns	2.74 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	16	32	235.7 ns	2.08 ns	0.11 ns	0.68	0.00	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	16	512	354.2 ns	14.50 ns	0.79 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	16	512	241.2 ns	5.06 ns	0.28 ns	0.68	0.00	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	24	32	426.1 ns	2.09 ns	0.11 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	24	32	319.6 ns	5.16 ns	0.28 ns	0.75	0.00	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	24	512	435.4 ns	83.45 ns	4.57 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	24	512	330.4 ns	77.77 ns	4.26 ns	0.76	0.01	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	32	32	517.0 ns	15.42 ns	0.85 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	32	32	409.5 ns	44.61 ns	2.45 ns	0.79	0.00	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	32	512	515.9 ns	1.20 ns	0.07 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	32	512	412.7 ns	76.91 ns	4.22 ns	0.80	0.01	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	40	32	613.6 ns	42.63 ns	2.34 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	40	32	1,282.9 ns	53.70 ns	2.94 ns	2.09	0.01	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	40	512	650.0 ns	32.20 ns	1.77 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	40	512	1,293.0 ns	61.61 ns	3.38 ns	1.99	0.01	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	128	32	1,894.5 ns	51.32 ns	2.81 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	128	32	5,425.3 ns	363.63 ns	19.93 ns	2.86	0.01	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	128	512	1,898.5 ns	274.04 ns	15.02 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	128	512	5,435.7 ns	157.03 ns	8.61 ns	2.86	0.02	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	512	32	14,857.3 ns	439.83 ns	24.11 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	512	32	64,245.2 ns	812.87 ns	44.56 ns	4.32	0.01	-	NA

Distance_CodePoint	512	512	427,144.5 ns	77,409.95 ns	4,243.10 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Distance_Utf16	512	512	64,903.6 ns	300.80 ns	16.49 ns	0.15	0.00	-	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.LevenshteinIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar	8	25.06 ns	0.556 ns	0.030 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Fastenshtein	8	84.60 ns	4.817 ns	0.264 ns	3.38	0.01	0.0033	56 B	NA
Quickenshtein	8	82.79 ns	1.985 ns	0.109 ns	3.30	0.01	-	-	NA
F23_StringSimilarity	8	184.38 ns	18.595 ns	1.019 ns	7.36	0.04	0.0076	128 B	NA

Lodestar	64	275.62 ns	10.543 ns	0.578 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Fastenshtein	64	6,163.48 ns	1,651.651 ns	90.533 ns	22.36	0.29	0.0153	280 B	NA
Quickenshtein	64	1,389.98 ns	79.801 ns	4.374 ns	5.04	0.02	-	-	NA
F23_StringSimilarity	64	11,254.27 ns	701.983 ns	38.478 ns	40.83	0.14	0.0305	576 B	NA

Lodestar	512	11,138.57 ns	104.683 ns	5.738 ns	1.00	0.00	-	-	NA
Fastenshtein	512	447,606.40 ns	27,793.274 ns	1,523.443 ns	40.19	0.12	-	2072 B	NA
Quickenshtein	512	37,865.08 ns	1,041.056 ns	57.064 ns	3.40	0.00	-	-	NA
F23_StringSimilarity	512	725,777.88 ns	8,865.051 ns	485.923 ns	65.16	0.05	-	4161 B	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.ManyLabelsMetricsBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Labels	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Allocated
F1Macro	1000	610.7 μs	95.01 μs	5.21 μs	3.9063	-	67.71 KB
PrecisionWeighted	1000	601.0 μs	53.46 μs	2.93 μs	3.9063	-	67.71 KB
ReportRows	1000	606.1 μs	216.59 μs	11.87 μs	8.7891	1.9531	153.99 KB
F1Macro	5000	775.3 μs	46.13 μs	2.53 μs	20.5078	5.8594	337.24 KB
PrecisionWeighted	5000	771.6 μs	85.40 μs	4.68 μs	20.5078	5.8594	337.24 KB
ReportRows	5000	916.7 μs	30.77 μs	1.69 μs	46.8750	18.5547	767.27 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.MetaNumericsPcaBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Shape	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_ExplainedVarianceRatio	2000x10	129.22 μs	3.627 μs	0.199 μs	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	2.45 KB	1.00
MetaNumerics_VarianceFraction	2000x10	97,634.42 μs	7,831.480 μs	429.270 μs	755.60	3.05	833.3333	833.3333	833.3333	31414.75 KB	12,806.01

Lodestar_ExplainedVarianceRatio	2000x50	2,925.36 μs	157.152 μs	8.614 μs	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	42.14 KB	1.00
MetaNumerics_VarianceFraction	2000x50	480,036.13 μs	208,181.049 μs	11,411.106 μs	164.10	3.40	-	-	-	32054.48 KB	760.60

Lodestar_ExplainedVarianceRatio	200x10	22.62 μs	1.428 μs	0.078 μs	1.00	0.00	0.1221	-	-	2.45 KB	1.00
MetaNumerics_VarianceFraction	200x10	869.37 μs	56.838 μs	3.116 μs	38.44	0.17	99.6094	99.6094	99.6094	329.71 KB	134.40

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.MetricsBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Samples	Classes	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
Matrix	1000	2	4,297.8 ns	131.36 ns	7.20 ns	0.0229	400 B
MatrixWeighted	1000	2	7,137.3 ns	175.34 ns	9.61 ns	0.0229	400 B
AccuracyScore	1000	2	109.1 ns	28.56 ns	1.57 ns	-	-
F1Macro	1000	2	4,858.2 ns	118.50 ns	6.50 ns	0.0381	656 B
Report	1000	2	7,465.1 ns	207.27 ns	11.36 ns	0.3204	5464 B
Matrix	1000	10	4,680.4 ns	255.28 ns	13.99 ns	0.0763	1336 B
MatrixWeighted	1000	10	7,386.1 ns	179.90 ns	9.86 ns	0.0763	1336 B
AccuracyScore	1000	10	109.5 ns	18.29 ns	1.00 ns	-	-
F1Macro	1000	10	5,460.4 ns	169.94 ns	9.32 ns	0.1068	1880 B
Report	1000	10	11,695.6 ns	430.69 ns	23.61 ns	0.7324	12488 B
Matrix	100000	2	461,001.7 ns	7,272.61 ns	398.64 ns	-	400 B
MatrixWeighted	100000	2	832,937.6 ns	20,502.63 ns	1,123.82 ns	-	401 B
AccuracyScore	100000	2	12,710.5 ns	2,615.20 ns	143.35 ns	-	-
F1Macro	100000	2	477,197.7 ns	14,352.35 ns	786.70 ns	-	656 B
Report	100000	2	464,795.3 ns	22,023.59 ns	1,207.19 ns	-	5488 B
Matrix	100000	10	506,725.5 ns	72,929.71 ns	3,997.52 ns	-	1337 B
MatrixWeighted	100000	10	945,080.6 ns	28,867.49 ns	1,582.32 ns	-	1337 B
AccuracyScore	100000	10	12,307.6 ns	152.62 ns	8.37 ns	-	-
F1Macro	100000	10	509,153.9 ns	19,363.03 ns	1,061.35 ns	-	1881 B
Report	100000	10	501,916.2 ns	36,004.23 ns	1,973.51 ns	-	12833 B
Matrix	1000000	2	4,767,375.0 ns	105,572.08 ns	5,786.76 ns	-	406 B
MatrixWeighted	1000000	2	8,241,468.5 ns	432,875.06 ns	23,727.34 ns	-	412 B
AccuracyScore	1000000	2	135,865.8 ns	5,601.13 ns	307.02 ns	-	-
F1Macro	1000000	2	4,607,408.2 ns	138,175.43 ns	7,573.86 ns	-	662 B
Report	1000000	2	4,619,438.4 ns	55,527.08 ns	3,043.63 ns	-	5510 B
Matrix	1000000	10	4,907,049.5 ns	227,761.09 ns	12,484.35 ns	-	1342 B
MatrixWeighted	1000000	10	9,422,211.1 ns	596,077.48 ns	32,673.02 ns	-	1348 B
AccuracyScore	1000000	10	136,340.2 ns	47,886.21 ns	2,624.80 ns	-	-
F1Macro	1000000	10	5,069,694.4 ns	189,944.97 ns	10,411.52 ns	-	1886 B
Report	1000000	10	5,089,223.6 ns	237,262.51 ns	13,005.16 ns	-	12876 B

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.MetricsIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Samples	Request	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar	100000	Bundle	11,351.60 μs	6,986.768 μs	382.968 μs	1.00	0.04	-	-	-	1296 B	1.00
MlNet	100000	Bundle	35,486.18 μs	823.878 μs	45.160 μs	3.13	0.09	600.0000	600.0000	600.0000	5090157 B	3,927.59

Lodestar	100000	AccuracyAlone	11.73 μs	6.932 μs	0.380 μs	1.00	0.04	-	-	-	-	NA
MlNet	100000	AccuracyAlone	35,449.39 μs	4,656.603 μs	255.244 μs	3,024.04	87.79	600.0000	600.0000	600.0000	5090157 B	NA

Lodestar	1000000	Bundle	141,843.25 μs	3,500.281 μs	191.862 μs	1.00	0.00	-	-	-	-	NA
MlNet	1000000	Bundle	253,289.40 μs	45,386.457 μs	2,487.785 μs	1.79	0.02	-	-	-	23229116 B	NA

Lodestar	1000000	AccuracyAlone	116.39 μs	55.632 μs	3.049 μs	1.00	0.03	-	-	-	-	NA
MlNet	1000000	AccuracyAlone	228,596.90 μs	16,431.423 μs	900.662 μs	1,964.94	45.35	-	-	-	23228104 B	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.MultiClassRocAucBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Samples	Mean	Error	StdDev	Allocated
OneVsRest	100000	38.24 ms	4.834 ms	0.265 ms	-
OneVsOne	100000	84.51 ms	4.855 ms	0.266 ms	801915 B
OneVsRest	1000000	517.91 ms	482.609 ms	26.453 ms	-
OneVsOne	1000000	1,138.77 ms	232.889 ms	12.765 ms	8003648 B

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.MultilabelConfusionMatrixBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Rows	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
PerLabel	100000	6.848 ms	0.1289 ms	0.0071 ms	-	-	-	6.28 KB
PerLabelWeighted	100000	11.381 ms	0.3830 ms	0.0210 ms	-	-	-	6.29 KB
PerSample	100000	57.732 ms	28.7069 ms	1.5735 ms	2555.5556	2444.4444	777.7778	31250.62 KB
PerClass	100000	4.508 ms	0.2631 ms	0.0144 ms	-	-	-	6.43 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.MyersGateBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Band	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Dp	4	74.07 ns	1.093 ns	0.060 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	4	74.43 ns	2.083 ns	0.114 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	4	73.45 ns	2.589 ns	0.142 ns	0.99	0.00	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	4	74.19 ns	2.227 ns	0.122 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA

Dp	6	104.46 ns	2.801 ns	0.154 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	6	89.18 ns	1.308 ns	0.072 ns	0.85	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	6	104.21 ns	0.866 ns	0.047 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	6	132.40 ns	0.478 ns	0.026 ns	1.27	0.00	-	NA

Dp	8	157.05 ns	2.138 ns	0.117 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	8	101.98 ns	1.825 ns	0.100 ns	0.65	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	8	158.39 ns	32.455 ns	1.779 ns	1.01	0.01	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	8	180.99 ns	6.898 ns	0.378 ns	1.15	0.00	-	NA

Dp	10	196.97 ns	8.588 ns	0.471 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	10	109.75 ns	0.909 ns	0.050 ns	0.56	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	10	196.55 ns	1.640 ns	0.090 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	10	151.46 ns	2.899 ns	0.159 ns	0.77	0.00	-	NA

Dp	12	245.15 ns	1.869 ns	0.102 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	12	117.15 ns	2.841 ns	0.156 ns	0.48	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	12	248.36 ns	104.574 ns	5.732 ns	1.01	0.02	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	12	165.65 ns	10.750 ns	0.589 ns	0.68	0.00	-	NA

Dp	16	409.29 ns	4.159 ns	0.228 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	16	131.90 ns	12.841 ns	0.704 ns	0.32	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	16	419.07 ns	300.230 ns	16.457 ns	1.02	0.03	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	16	179.29 ns	2.534 ns	0.139 ns	0.44	0.00	-	NA

Dp	24	842.02 ns	24.273 ns	1.330 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	24	173.57 ns	6.134 ns	0.336 ns	0.21	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	24	849.13 ns	127.774 ns	7.004 ns	1.01	0.01	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	24	224.89 ns	4.206 ns	0.231 ns	0.27	0.00	-	NA

Dp	32	1,450.69 ns	17.722 ns	0.971 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel	32	205.52 ns	1.064 ns	0.058 ns	0.14	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	32	1,452.41 ns	128.293 ns	7.032 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	32	269.53 ns	7.230 ns	0.396 ns	0.19	0.00	-	NA

Dp	48	3,337.64 ns	1,335.490 ns	73.203 ns	1.00	0.03	-	NA
Kernel	48	279.02 ns	6.317 ns	0.346 ns	0.08	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	48	3,768.63 ns	687.194 ns	37.667 ns	1.13	0.02	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	48	353.84 ns	5.276 ns	0.289 ns	0.11	0.00	-	NA

Dp	64	6,262.16 ns	499.868 ns	27.399 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Kernel	64	347.06 ns	2.827 ns	0.155 ns	0.06	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	64	6,362.18 ns	3,865.002 ns	211.854 ns	1.02	0.03	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	64	442.54 ns	5.173 ns	0.284 ns	0.07	0.00	-	NA

Dp	96	14,104.19 ns	1,925.954 ns	105.568 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Kernel	96	757.41 ns	5.161 ns	0.283 ns	0.05	0.00	-	NA
Dp_Cjk	96	14,329.27 ns	11,382.738 ns	623.926 ns	1.02	0.04	-	NA
Kernel_Cjk	96	1,524.21 ns	241.398 ns	13.232 ns	0.11	0.00	-	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.OsaBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Distance_Utf16	8	38.47 ns	2.329 ns	0.128 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	8	124.96 ns	1.317 ns	0.072 ns	3.25	0.01	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	32	144.93 ns	4.145 ns	0.227 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	32	1,590.72 ns	756.534 ns	41.468 ns	10.98	0.25	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	64	322.80 ns	3.029 ns	0.166 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	64	9,021.89 ns	3,122.324 ns	171.145 ns	27.95	0.46	-	NA

Distance_Utf16	128	49,837.13 ns	9,399.944 ns	515.243 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Distance_CodePoint	128	48,256.79 ns	17,074.956 ns	935.936 ns	0.97	0.02	-	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.PartialFitBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	RowCount	BatchCount	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
WholeFit	10000	10	205.36 μs	17.409 μs	0.954 μs	1.00	-	800 B	1.00
BatchedFit	10000	10	207.21 μs	14.616 μs	0.801 μs	1.01	0.2441	7784 B	9.73
SparseFit	10000	10	61.44 μs	4.762 μs	0.261 μs	0.30	-	800 B	1.00
DenseFitOfTheSameData	10000	10	197.31 μs	12.006 μs	0.658 μs	0.96	-	800 B	1.00

WholeFit	10000	100	204.37 μs	15.335 μs	0.841 μs	1.00	-	800 B	1.00
BatchedFit	10000	100	231.50 μs	20.060 μs	1.100 μs	1.13	4.6387	77624 B	97.03
SparseFit	10000	100	58.76 μs	3.517 μs	0.193 μs	0.29	-	800 B	1.00
DenseFitOfTheSameData	10000	100	198.23 μs	16.685 μs	0.915 μs	0.97	-	800 B	1.00

WholeFit	100000	10	1,969.11 μs	32.801 μs	1.798 μs	1.00	-	803 B	1.00
BatchedFit	100000	10	2,033.69 μs	144.989 μs	7.947 μs	1.03	-	7787 B	9.70
SparseFit	100000	10	1,079.00 μs	39.206 μs	2.149 μs	0.55	-	801 B	1.00
DenseFitOfTheSameData	100000	10	1,973.15 μs	139.194 μs	7.630 μs	1.00	-	803 B	1.00

WholeFit	100000	100	2,042.37 μs	72.876 μs	3.995 μs	1.00	-	803 B	1.00
BatchedFit	100000	100	2,081.13 μs	133.655 μs	7.326 μs	1.02	3.9063	77627 B	96.67
SparseFit	100000	100	1,078.02 μs	3.743 μs	0.205 μs	0.53	-	801 B	1.00
DenseFitOfTheSameData	100000	100	1,974.81 μs	54.502 μs	2.987 μs	0.97	-	803 B	1.00

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.PartialRatioLongNeedleBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	NeedleLength	Mean	Error	StdDev	Allocated
Embedded	65	10.784 μs	0.1547 μs	0.0085 μs	-
EqualLength	65	2.947 μs	0.0230 μs	0.0013 μs	-
Embedded	128	38.148 μs	0.9046 μs	0.0496 μs	-
EqualLength	128	5.340 μs	0.1450 μs	0.0079 μs	-
Embedded	512	1,357.425 μs	131.9005 μs	7.2299 μs	-
EqualLength	512	44.505 μs	0.8930 μs	0.0489 μs	-

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.PartitionValidityBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Samples	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
DaviesBouldinScore	1000000	10.36 ms	1.496 ms	0.082 ms	140.6250	140.6250	140.6250	3.82 MB
CalinskiHarabaszScore	1000000	15.19 ms	0.929 ms	0.051 ms	140.6250	140.6250	140.6250	3.82 MB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.PersistenceBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
VocabTxt	3.895 ms	0.7227 ms	0.0396 ms	109.3750	101.5625	31.2500	3711.58 KB
TokenizerJsonWordPiece	11.494 ms	3.4834 ms	0.1909 ms	187.5000	171.8750	46.8750	5852.31 KB
TokenizerJsonUnigram	12.729 ms	0.6017 ms	0.0330 ms	78.1250	62.5000	15.6250	4748.83 KB
SpieceModel	6.220 ms	0.9862 ms	0.0541 ms	132.8125	125.0000	39.0625	4807.68 KB
TfidfSave	1.591 ms	0.7116 ms	0.0390 ms	21.4844	15.6250	15.6250	2137.05 KB
TfidfLoad	4.287 ms	0.0666 ms	0.0036 ms	85.9375	78.1250	23.4375	2921.38 KB
EmbeddingIndexSave	4.488 ms	0.2415 ms	0.0132 ms	187.5000	187.5000	187.5000	20349.83 KB
EmbeddingIndexLoad	5.921 ms	2.0961 ms	0.1149 ms	179.6875	148.4375	117.1875	16094.41 KB
EmbeddingIndexSaveFile	49.800 ms	10.9472 ms	0.6001 ms	-	-	-	323.43 KB
EmbeddingIndexLoadGzip	71.606 ms	3.9262 ms	0.2152 ms	-	-	-	16095.25 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.PrecompiledNormalizerBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
NormalizeDocuments	13.52 ms	1.805 ms	0.099 ms	171.8750	2.75 MB
EncodeDocuments	61.68 ms	4.889 ms	0.268 ms	444.4444	8.19 MB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.PrincipalComponentVarianceBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Shape	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_ExplainedVariance	100x200	9,159.46 μs	401.744 μs	22.021 μs	1.00	46.8750	46.8750	46.8750	318.35 KB	1.00
NumFlat_Pca	100x200	15,180.11 μs	289.160 μs	15.850 μs	1.66	187.5000	187.5000	187.5000	628.54 KB	1.97

Lodestar_ExplainedVariance	2000x10	130.59 μs	2.363 μs	0.130 μs	1.00	-	-	-	2.45 KB	1.00
NumFlat_Pca	2000x10	181.83 μs	10.165 μs	0.557 μs	1.39	-	-	-	1.94 KB	0.79

Lodestar_ExplainedVariance	2000x50	2,823.10 μs	317.768 μs	17.418 μs	1.00	-	-	-	42.14 KB	1.00
NumFlat_Pca	2000x50	2,588.23 μs	81.166 μs	4.449 μs	0.92	-	-	-	40.07 KB	0.95

Lodestar_ExplainedVariance	200x10	22.43 μs	3.825 μs	0.210 μs	1.00	0.1221	-	-	2.45 KB	1.00
NumFlat_Pca	200x10	26.76 μs	0.901 μs	0.049 μs	1.19	0.0916	-	-	1.94 KB	0.79

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.ProcessExtractBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Limit	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Extract	1	6.901 ms	0.3639 ms	0.0199 ms	1.00	118 B	1.00
ExtractOne	1	6.797 ms	0.1999 ms	0.0110 ms	0.99	-	0.00

Extract	5	6.883 ms	0.3079 ms	0.0169 ms	1.00	214 B	1.00
ExtractOne	5	6.743 ms	0.2321 ms	0.0127 ms	0.98	-	0.00

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.QgramBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Q	Element	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
JaccardSimilarity	1	Utf16Unit	4.767 μs	0.8832 μs	0.0484 μs	0.0076	192 B
JaccardSimilarity	1	CodePoint	3.872 μs	0.4939 μs	0.0271 μs	0.0076	192 B
JaccardSimilarity	3	Utf16Unit	5.743 μs	0.4445 μs	0.0244 μs	0.0076	192 B
JaccardSimilarity	3	CodePoint	4.812 μs	0.4026 μs	0.0221 μs	0.0076	192 B

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.RankingMetricsBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-14, measured at commit eba6ece0df93976b598aa7f203ae077e6acda030.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.401
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.12 (10.0.1226.42308), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Rows	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
NdcgTieAveraged	100000	37.273 ms	1.8178 ms	0.0996 ms	-	-	-	800349 B
NdcgIgnoringTies	100000	34.279 ms	0.3214 ms	0.0176 ms	-	-	-	800345 B
DcgTieAveraged	100000	21.815 ms	0.5919 ms	0.0324 ms	-	-	-	800215 B
ReciprocalRankScore	100000	17.982 ms	0.0847 ms	0.0046 ms	-	-	-	-
CoverageErrorScore	100000	5.869 ms	0.6993 ms	0.0383 ms	15.6250	15.6250	15.6250	800271 B
LabelRankingAveragePrecisionScore	100000	53.006 ms	0.3355 ms	0.0184 ms	-	-	-	-

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.RatcliffObershelpBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Length	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Similarity_Containment	64	369.4 ns	23.25 ns	1.27 ns	1.00	0.00	-	NA
Similarity_NearDuplicate	64	5,294.9 ns	139.06 ns	7.62 ns	14.34	0.05	-	NA

Similarity_Containment	512	22,803.5 ns	2,501.95 ns	137.14 ns	1.00	0.01	-	NA
Similarity_NearDuplicate	512	596,407.3 ns	9,986.04 ns	547.37 ns	26.15	0.14	-	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.RegressionMetricsBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Samples	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Mse	100000	45.46 μs	4.698 μs	0.258 μs	-	-	-	-
Mae	100000	44.84 μs	4.901 μs	0.269 μs	-	-	-	-
R2Score	100000	109.98 μs	8.149 μs	0.447 μs	-	-	-	64 B
MedianAe	100000	534.57 μs	163.106 μs	8.940 μs	199.2188	199.2188	199.2188	800186 B
Mse	1000000	458.33 μs	17.953 μs	0.984 μs	-	-	-	-
Mae	1000000	446.36 μs	7.643 μs	0.419 μs	-	-	-	-
R2Score	1000000	1,105.93 μs	66.686 μs	3.655 μs	-	-	-	65 B
MedianAe	1000000	6,179.61 μs	201.616 μs	11.051 μs	320.3125	320.3125	320.3125	8000269 B

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.RobustScalerSparseBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Shape	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Fit	2000x2000x20	23.93 ms	1.245 ms	0.068 ms	93.7500	93.7500	93.7500	367.51 KB
Fit	500x20000x5	44.23 ms	0.706 ms	0.039 ms	-	-	-	414.33 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.ScalerIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]     : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  Job-SNCAST : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

LaunchCount=1

Method	Job	InvocationCount	IterationCount	RunStrategy	UnrollFactor	WarmupCount	RowCount	Mean	Error	StdDev	Median	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_MinMax	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	165.539 μs	31.3795 μs	36.1367 μs	176.814 μs	1.05	0.35	-	-	-	81632 B	1.00
Lodestar_MaxAbs	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	107.458 μs	9.0800 μs	10.0924 μs	104.385 μs	0.68	0.18	-	-	-	81096 B	0.99
Lodestar_Robust	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	2,425.354 μs	26.9679 μs	31.0563 μs	2,420.698 μs	15.45	3.84	-	-	-	161064 B	1.97
Lodestar_Standard	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	116.293 μs	6.2096 μs	6.6442 μs	115.354 μs	0.74	0.19	-	-	-	81560 B	1.00
Lodestar_Standard_SparseFit	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	66.339 μs	12.3079 μs	13.1693 μs	59.906 μs	0.42	0.13	-	-	-	-	0.00
Lodestar_MaxAbs_SparseFit	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	59.469 μs	1.5716 μs	1.6139 μs	59.285 μs	0.38	0.09	-	-	-	-	0.00
Lodestar_MaxAbs_SparseClip	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	100.371 μs	2.8411 μs	2.7903 μs	99.585 μs	0.64	0.16	-	-	-	27856 B	0.34
MlNet_NormalizeMinMax_Fit	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	426.007 μs	16.1503 μs	18.5987 μs	420.288 μs	2.71	0.68	-	-	-	8856 B	0.11
MlNet_NormalizeMinMax_Read	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	2,270.400 μs	82.9055 μs	92.1492 μs	2,274.702 μs	14.46	3.64	-	-	-	333568 B	4.09
MlNet_NormalizeRobustScaling_Read	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	6,436.239 μs	127.1567 μs	136.0562 μs	6,400.529 μs	41.00	10.21	-	-	-	460504 B	5.64

Lodestar_MinMax	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	46.477 μs	2.2561 μs	0.1237 μs	46.548 μs	1.00	0.00	4.7607	-	-	80896 B	1.000
Lodestar_MaxAbs	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	42.274 μs	3.0288 μs	0.1660 μs	42.360 μs	0.91	0.00	4.7607	-	-	80336 B	0.993
Lodestar_Robust	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	464.419 μs	16.2403 μs	0.8902 μs	463.990 μs	9.99	0.03	9.2773	-	-	160616 B	1.985
Lodestar_Standard	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	49.238 μs	1.8348 μs	0.1006 μs	49.252 μs	1.06	0.00	4.7607	-	-	80824 B	0.999
Lodestar_Standard_SparseFit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	10.513 μs	0.6415 μs	0.0352 μs	10.498 μs	0.23	0.00	0.0458	-	-	824 B	0.010
Lodestar_MaxAbs_SparseFit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	7.691 μs	1.0310 μs	0.0565 μs	7.666 μs	0.17	0.00	0.0153	-	-	376 B	0.005
Lodestar_MaxAbs_SparseClip	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	12.339 μs	0.8434 μs	0.0462 μs	12.324 μs	0.27	0.00	1.6174	0.1068	-	27120 B	0.335
MlNet_NormalizeMinMax_Fit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	1,601.288 μs	4,727.5607 μs	259.1336 μs	1,604.226 μs	34.45	4.83	83.4961	7.3242	-	1398987 B	17.294
MlNet_NormalizeMinMax_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	1,065.753 μs	2,271.9326 μs	124.5323 μs	1,039.510 μs	22.93	2.32	39.0625	1.9531	-	649729 B	8.032
MlNet_NormalizeRobustScaling_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	1,654.623 μs	2,155.1631 μs	118.1318 μs	1,614.569 μs	35.60	2.20	35.1563	-	-	624674 B	7.722

Lodestar_MinMax	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	1,542.220 μs	14.4780 μs	16.0923 μs	1,546.908 μs	1.00	0.01	-	-	-	1601632 B	1.000
Lodestar_MaxAbs	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	1,424.138 μs	26.2008 μs	30.1729 μs	1,423.698 μs	0.92	0.02	-	-	-	1601096 B	1.000
Lodestar_Robust	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	15,365.478 μs	90.0779 μs	96.3824 μs	15,324.402 μs	9.96	0.12	-	-	-	3201352 B	1.999
Lodestar_Standard	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	1,504.269 μs	8.2704 μs	8.8492 μs	1,505.856 μs	0.98	0.01	-	-	-	1601560 B	1.000
Lodestar_Standard_SparseFit	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	427.394 μs	10.6813 μs	12.3006 μs	427.992 μs	0.28	0.01	-	-	-	-	0.000
Lodestar_MaxAbs_SparseFit	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	323.342 μs	10.4025 μs	11.9795 μs	327.870 μs	0.21	0.01	-	-	-	-	0.000
Lodestar_MaxAbs_SparseClip	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	416.861 μs	12.4055 μs	13.7887 μs	411.285 μs	0.27	0.01	-	-	-	559752 B	0.349
MlNet_NormalizeMinMax_Fit	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	6,706.238 μs	26.9533 μs	29.9585 μs	6,704.929 μs	4.35	0.05	-	-	-	9528 B	0.006
MlNet_NormalizeMinMax_Read	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	18,852.629 μs	8,594.5389 μs	9,897.4838 μs	13,986.528 μs	12.23	6.27	-	-	-	521760 B	0.326
MlNet_NormalizeRobustScaling_Read	Job-SNCAST	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	25,515.742 μs	5,880.5219 μs	6,772.0178 μs	20,551.436 μs	16.55	4.29	-	-	-	4283384 B	2.674

Lodestar_MinMax	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	1,380.239 μs	1,495.4752 μs	81.9720 μs	1,416.306 μs	1.00	0.07	330.0781	330.0781	330.0781	1601935 B	1.000
Lodestar_MaxAbs	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	1,197.124 μs	538.3511 μs	29.5088 μs	1,190.525 μs	0.87	0.05	330.0781	330.0781	330.0781	1600551 B	0.999
Lodestar_Robust	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	15,000.080 μs	284.2439 μs	15.5804 μs	15,000.432 μs	10.89	0.58	875.0000	875.0000	875.0000	3201322 B	1.998
Lodestar_Standard	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	1,232.217 μs	212.0387 μs	11.6226 μs	1,236.467 μs	0.89	0.05	330.0781	330.0781	330.0781	1601039 B	0.999
Lodestar_Standard_SparseFit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	306.826 μs	33.5918 μs	1.8413 μs	306.703 μs	0.22	0.01	-	-	-	824 B	0.001
Lodestar_MaxAbs_SparseFit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	243.696 μs	11.5097 μs	0.6309 μs	243.458 μs	0.18	0.01	-	-	-	376 B	0.000
Lodestar_MaxAbs_SparseClip	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	402.766 μs	35.5020 μs	1.9460 μs	401.799 μs	0.29	0.02	128.9063	124.0234	124.0234	560085 B	0.350
MlNet_NormalizeMinMax_Fit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	1,267.290 μs	1,018.4839 μs	55.8265 μs	1,272.619 μs	0.92	0.06	19.5313	3.9063	-	354152 B	0.221
MlNet_NormalizeMinMax_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	4,496.883 μs	1,596.4266 μs	87.5055 μs	4,524.183 μs	3.27	0.18	31.2500	7.8125	-	598774 B	0.374
MlNet_NormalizeRobustScaling_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	20,027.087 μs	5,460.1782 μs	299.2908 μs	19,926.119 μs	14.55	0.80	250.0000	125.0000	-	4303779 B	2.687

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.SentencePieceBpeLineageBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Model	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
EncodeDocuments	Llama2	145.4 ms	47.91 ms	2.63 ms	2250.0000	37.05 MB
EncodeDocuments	Mistral	134.8 ms	15.82 ms	0.87 ms	2250.0000	37.03 MB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.SilhouetteBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Samples	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
PerSample	2000	27.29 ms	0.488 ms	0.027 ms	31.2500	31.2500	31.2500	148.75 KB
PerSample	5000	193.54 ms	10.540 ms	0.578 ms	-	-	-	371.6 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.SimilaritySketchBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-18, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
INTEL XEON PLATINUM 8573C, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX-512F+CD+BW+DQ+VL+VBMI
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX-512F+CD+BW+DQ+VL+VBMI

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Documents	Permutations	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
ExactPairwise	500	64	58.640 ms	5.5875 ms	0.3063 ms	1.00	-	-	-	8152.43 KB	1.00
SketchThenVerify	500	64	11.877 ms	1.7621 ms	0.0966 ms	0.20	78.1250	78.1250	78.1250	2533.15 KB	0.31
SignaturesOnly	500	64	10.384 ms	0.9973 ms	0.0547 ms	0.18	-	-	-	304.74 KB	0.04
AffineSignaturesOnly	500	64	8.357 ms	0.4376 ms	0.0240 ms	0.14	-	-	-	305.29 KB	0.04
FingerprintsOnly	500	64	12.547 ms	0.4289 ms	0.0235 ms	0.21	-	-	-	429.69 KB	0.05

ExactPairwise	500	128	60.908 ms	13.0670 ms	0.7162 ms	1.00	-	-	-	8152.43 KB	1.00
SketchThenVerify	500	128	14.982 ms	0.1425 ms	0.0078 ms	0.25	218.7500	218.7500	218.7500	4578.87 KB	0.56
SignaturesOnly	500	128	12.247 ms	0.4077 ms	0.0223 ms	0.20	-	-	-	429.74 KB	0.05
AffineSignaturesOnly	500	128	8.506 ms	1.7446 ms	0.0956 ms	0.14	-	-	-	430.78 KB	0.05
FingerprintsOnly	500	128	12.286 ms	1.2357 ms	0.0677 ms	0.20	-	-	-	429.7 KB	0.05

ExactPairwise	2000	64	998.748 ms	12.3853 ms	0.6789 ms	1.00	1000.0000	-	-	126359.81 KB	1.000
SketchThenVerify	2000	64	49.101 ms	10.1488 ms	0.5563 ms	0.05	545.4545	545.4545	454.5455	10335.34 KB	0.082
SignaturesOnly	2000	64	40.332 ms	1.1123 ms	0.0610 ms	0.04	-	-	-	1218.84 KB	0.010
AffineSignaturesOnly	2000	64	33.128 ms	3.9506 ms	0.2165 ms	0.03	-	-	-	1219.38 KB	0.010
FingerprintsOnly	2000	64	49.261 ms	11.7754 ms	0.6454 ms	0.05	-	-	-	1718.82 KB	0.014

ExactPairwise	2000	128	999.208 ms	61.0968 ms	3.3489 ms	1.00	1000.0000	-	-	126359.44 KB	1.00
SketchThenVerify	2000	128	62.493 ms	4.5117 ms	0.2473 ms	0.06	875.0000	875.0000	750.0000	18664.76 KB	0.15
SignaturesOnly	2000	128	48.750 ms	7.3380 ms	0.4022 ms	0.05	-	-	-	1718.85 KB	0.01
AffineSignaturesOnly	2000	128	34.305 ms	5.1819 ms	0.2840 ms	0.03	-	-	-	1719.88 KB	0.01
FingerprintsOnly	2000	128	49.168 ms	0.9818 ms	0.0538 ms	0.05	-	-	-	1718.82 KB	0.01

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.SmallArtifactBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
CountSaveAsync	1,204.3 ns	312.27 ns	17.12 ns	0.3262	0.0057	-	5464 B
TfidfSaveAsync	1,435.5 ns	341.52 ns	18.72 ns	0.3338	-	-	5592 B
HashingSaveAsync	1,200.8 ns	350.68 ns	19.22 ns	0.3281	0.0057	-	5496 B
IndexSaveAsync	437.6 ns	45.92 ns	2.52 ns	0.0386	-	-	648 B
CountLoadSeekable1400K	11,820,932.8 ns	606,863.67 ns	33,264.25 ns	875.0000	843.7500	609.3750	12227072 B

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.SplitterIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	SampleCount	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_KFold	10000	80.726 μs	20.845 μs	1.1426 μs	1.00	0.02	16.7236	4.7607	-	274.17 KB	1.00
Lodestar_StratifiedKFold	10000	187.434 μs	9.637 μs	0.5283 μs	2.32	0.03	19.0430	6.8359	-	313.77 KB	1.14
Lodestar_TrainTest	10000	5.267 μs	1.982 μs	0.1086 μs	0.07	0.00	2.3956	0.2594	-	39.19 KB	0.14
MlNet_CrossValidationSplit	10000	335.989 μs	3.408 μs	0.1868 μs	4.16	0.05	2.4414	0.9766	-	40.55 KB	0.15
MlNet_CrossValidationSplit_Read	10000	6,054.064 μs	642.000 μs	35.1902 μs	75.01	1.00	7.8125	-	-	149.06 KB	0.54
MlNet_TrainTestSplit	10000	63.380 μs	3.915 μs	0.2146 μs	0.79	0.01	0.7324	0.2441	-	12.55 KB	0.05
MlNet_TrainTestSplit_Read	10000	1,124.031 μs	124.564 μs	6.8278 μs	13.93	0.19	1.9531	-	-	34.26 KB	0.12

Lodestar_KFold	100000	1,107.339 μs	596.302 μs	32.6853 μs	1.00	0.04	423.8281	410.1563	400.3906	2738.42 KB	1.000
Lodestar_StratifiedKFold	100000	2,384.574 μs	499.733 μs	27.3920 μs	2.15	0.06	609.3750	593.7500	585.9375	3130.38 KB	1.143
Lodestar_TrainTest	100000	84.921 μs	45.077 μs	2.4708 μs	0.08	0.00	57.8613	57.8613	57.8613	391.18 KB	0.143
MlNet_CrossValidationSplit	100000	279.969 μs	90.540 μs	4.9628 μs	0.25	0.01	1.9531	-	-	40.55 KB	0.015
MlNet_CrossValidationSplit_Read	100000	41,871.875 μs	4,792.166 μs	262.6748 μs	37.84	1.00	-	-	-	148.79 KB	0.054
MlNet_TrainTestSplit	100000	62.241 μs	8.761 μs	0.4802 μs	0.06	0.00	0.7324	0.2441	-	12.55 KB	0.005
MlNet_TrainTestSplit_Read	100000	7,647.245 μs	382.093 μs	20.9438 μs	6.91	0.18	-	-	-	34.19 KB	0.012

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.StopWordBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Documents	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Count	200	1.929 ms	0.0253 ms	0.0014 ms	1.00	113.2813	113.2813	113.2813	869.91 KB	1.00
CountWithStopWords	200	1.400 ms	0.0925 ms	0.0051 ms	0.73	23.4375	7.8125	-	407.6 KB	0.47
Hashing	200	2.020 ms	0.1232 ms	0.0068 ms	1.05	70.3125	70.3125	70.3125	554.26 KB	0.64
HashingWithStopWords	200	1.684 ms	0.0200 ms	0.0011 ms	0.87	15.6250	3.9063	-	273.65 KB	0.31

Count	1000	9.127 ms	0.2280 ms	0.0125 ms	1.00	859.3750	859.3750	859.3750	3436.48 KB	1.00
CountWithStopWords	1000	7.265 ms	0.3668 ms	0.0201 ms	0.80	382.8125	382.8125	382.8125	1660.72 KB	0.48
Hashing	1000	9.656 ms	1.0578 ms	0.0580 ms	1.06	515.6250	500.0000	500.0000	2349.58 KB	0.68
HashingWithStopWords	1000	8.770 ms	0.0868 ms	0.0048 ms	0.96	265.6250	265.6250	265.6250	1139.46 KB	0.33

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.TextRankBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Words	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Extract	2000	647.1 μs	51.25 μs	2.81 μs	30.2734	10.7422	-	499.33 KB
Extract	8000	2,817.2 μs	222.95 μs	12.22 μs	121.0938	78.1250	39.0625	1965.54 KB
Extract	32000	12,230.1 μs	993.40 μs	54.45 μs	859.3750	859.3750	734.3750	7946.73 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.TokenPatternBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-18, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
INTEL XEON PLATINUM 8573C, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX-512F+CD+BW+DQ+VL+VBMI
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX-512F+CD+BW+DQ+VL+VBMI

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Pattern	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated
Fit	[^ ]+	36,316.102 μs	3,160.2023 μs	173.2214 μs	-	-	-	1554.62 KB
Construct	[^ ]+	2.111 μs	0.1674 μs	0.0092 μs	0.0648	-	-	5.43 KB
ConstructAndFitOneDocument	[^ ]+	3.356 μs	0.4405 μs	0.0241 μs	0.0877	-	-	7.43 KB
Fit	[a-z]+	29,640.577 μs	220.0778 μs	12.0632 μs	-	-	-	7.2 KB
Construct	[a-z]+	1.993 μs	0.0605 μs	0.0033 μs	0.0648	-	-	5.4 KB
ConstructAndFitOneDocument	[a-z]+	2.882 μs	0.3495 μs	0.0192 μs	0.0877	-	-	7.18 KB
Fit	[A-Za-z]\w+	40,475.280 μs	840.9211 μs	46.0937 μs	-	-	-	1556 KB
Construct	[A-Za-z]\w+	3.423 μs	0.1630 μs	0.0089 μs	0.0801	-	-	6.81 KB
ConstructAndFitOneDocument	[A-Za-z]\w+	4.690 μs	0.5264 μs	0.0289 μs	0.1068	-	-	8.81 KB
Fit	\b\w\w+\b	22,468.929 μs	1,055.4676 μs	57.8537 μs	62.5000	62.5000	62.5000	9743.6 KB
Construct	\b\w\w+\b	1.060 μs	0.0492 μs	0.0027 μs	0.0210	-	-	1.87 KB
ConstructAndFitOneDocument	\b\w\w+\b	1.859 μs	0.2243 μs	0.0123 μs	0.0458	-	-	3.84 KB
Fit	\S+	37,377.245 μs	4,644.8275 μs	254.5987 μs	-	-	-	1554.49 KB
Construct	\S+	2.333 μs	0.1630 μs	0.0089 μs	0.0610	-	-	5.29 KB
ConstructAndFitOneDocument	\S+	3.606 μs	0.3429 μs	0.0188 μs	0.0877	-	-	7.29 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.TokenizerIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Model	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar	WordPiece	22.76 ms	1.233 ms	0.068 ms	1.00	0.00	531.2500	8.71 MB	1.00
MlTokenizers	WordPiece	59.16 ms	18.470 ms	1.012 ms	2.60	0.04	222.2222	3.55 MB	0.41

Lodestar	SentencePiece	53.79 ms	11.222 ms	0.615 ms	1.00	0.01	300.0000	5.44 MB	1.00
MlTokenizers	SentencePiece	56.84 ms	4.886 ms	0.268 ms	1.06	0.01	100.0000	3.09 MB	0.57

Lodestar	ByteLevelBpe	93.84 ms	36.216 ms	1.985 ms	1.00	0.03	1666.6667	28.47 MB	1.00
MlTokenizers	ByteLevelBpe	341.99 ms	95.925 ms	5.258 ms	3.65	0.08	3000.0000	59.08 MB	2.08

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.TopKAccuracyBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Classes	Mean	Error	StdDev	Allocated
TopTwo	10	11.66 ms	0.153 ms	0.008 ms	-
TopTwo	100	86.61 ms	1.541 ms	0.084 ms	-

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.TransformerIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]     : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  Job-GJFWIQ : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

LaunchCount=1

Method	Job	InvocationCount	IterationCount	RunStrategy	UnrollFactor	WarmupCount	RowCount	Mean	Error	StdDev	Median	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar_Normalize	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	58.70 μs	1.945 μs	1.997 μs	59.36 μs	1.00	0.05	-	-	-	31.99 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Polynomial	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	77.11 μs	2.267 μs	2.226 μs	76.78 μs	1.32	0.06	-	-	-	118.16 KB	3.69
Lodestar_Discretize	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	260.59 μs	14.170 μs	16.318 μs	257.65 μs	4.44	0.31	-	-	-	156.71 KB	4.90
Lodestar_Discretize_64Bins	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	283.49 μs	22.324 μs	24.813 μs	282.34 μs	4.84	0.45	-	-	-	31.99 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Discretize_Fit	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	1,413.73 μs	133.546 μs	153.791 μs	1,470.30 μs	24.11	2.70	-	-	-	33.7 KB	1.05
Lodestar_Quantile	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	1,616.25 μs	16.701 μs	16.402 μs	1,618.68 μs	27.57	1.00	-	-	-	31.71 KB	0.99
Lodestar_Quantile_Fit	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	1,088.00 μs	19.912 μs	21.306 μs	1,078.27 μs	18.56	0.74	-	-	-	110.84 KB	3.46
Lodestar_Power	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	218.21 μs	15.252 μs	17.564 μs	213.14 μs	3.72	0.32	-	-	-	31.99 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Power_Fit	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	1,896.58 μs	20.302 μs	22.565 μs	1,890.38 μs	32.35	1.19	-	-	-	135.77 KB	4.24
Lodestar_KnnImpute	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	13,732.21 μs	5,003.578 μs	5,762.128 μs	9,217.93 μs	234.23	96.34	-	-	-	103.87 KB	3.25
MlNet_NormalizeLpNorm_Read	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	1,277.79 μs	71.397 μs	73.319 μs	1,300.74 μs	21.79	1.43	-	-	-	316.17 KB	9.88
MlNet_NormalizeBinning_Read	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	1000	3,237.04 μs	144.137 μs	160.208 μs	3,234.63 μs	55.21	3.29	-	-	-	400.01 KB	12.50

Lodestar_Normalize	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	14.36 μs	1.416 μs	0.078 μs	14.39 μs	1.00	0.01	1.9073	-	-	31.27 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Polynomial	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	78.30 μs	6.818 μs	0.374 μs	78.42 μs	5.45	0.03	36.9873	36.9873	36.9873	117.47 KB	3.76
Lodestar_Discretize	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	133.67 μs	11.002 μs	0.603 μs	133.39 μs	9.31	0.06	49.8047	49.8047	49.8047	156.31 KB	5.00
Lodestar_Discretize_64Bins	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	74.61 μs	3.636 μs	0.199 μs	74.54 μs	5.20	0.03	1.8311	-	-	31.27 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Discretize_Fit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	90.68 μs	261.207 μs	14.318 μs	82.78 μs	6.32	0.86	2.0142	0.0610	-	33.26 KB	1.06
Lodestar_Quantile	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	499.01 μs	74.532 μs	4.085 μs	497.92 μs	34.76	0.30	0.9766	-	-	31.27 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Quantile_Fit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	205.71 μs	27.678 μs	1.517 μs	206.51 μs	14.33	0.11	6.5918	0.9766	-	110.1 KB	3.52
Lodestar_Power	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	140.11 μs	4.306 μs	0.236 μs	140.04 μs	9.76	0.05	1.7090	-	-	31.27 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Power_Fit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	708.28 μs	22.728 μs	1.246 μs	707.89 μs	49.34	0.24	7.8125	-	-	134.99 KB	4.32
Lodestar_KnnImpute	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	8,812.16 μs	1,214.228 μs	66.556 μs	8,814.27 μs	613.81	4.94	-	-	-	103.16 KB	3.30
MlNet_NormalizeLpNorm_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	285.14 μs	6.553 μs	0.359 μs	285.19 μs	19.86	0.10	18.5547	18.0664	-	295.06 KB	9.43
MlNet_NormalizeBinning_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	1000	1,026.56 μs	1,116.649 μs	61.207 μs	1,016.42 μs	71.50	3.71	42.9688	5.8594	-	698.97 KB	22.35

Lodestar_Normalize	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	493.68 μs	16.072 μs	17.196 μs	490.75 μs	1.00	0.05	-	-	-	625.74 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Polynomial	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	1,653.90 μs	34.189 μs	39.372 μs	1,661.18 μs	3.35	0.14	-	-	-	2344.73 KB	3.75
Lodestar_Discretize	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	3,585.67 μs	32.113 μs	36.981 μs	3,581.27 μs	7.27	0.25	-	-	-	3125.74 KB	5.00
Lodestar_Discretize_64Bins	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	4,564.49 μs	36.819 μs	42.401 μs	4,566.52 μs	9.26	0.32	-	-	-	625.46 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Discretize_Fit	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	12,545.41 μs	6,169.770 μs	7,105.116 μs	10,155.07 μs	25.44	14.10	-	-	-	627.73 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Quantile	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	11,023.91 μs	748.233 μs	734.865 μs	10,765.01 μs	22.36	1.63	-	-	-	625.74 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Quantile_Fit	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	11,738.54 μs	5,529.805 μs	6,368.131 μs	7,066.05 μs	23.80	12.64	-	-	-	704.59 KB	1.13
Lodestar_Power	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	3,080.51 μs	32.953 μs	36.627 μs	3,073.22 μs	6.25	0.22	-	-	-	625.46 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Power_Fit	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	15,192.18 μs	417.016 μs	463.513 μs	15,524.41 μs	30.81	1.38	-	-	-	2659.2 KB	4.25
Lodestar_KnnImpute	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	9,735.68 μs	34.404 μs	36.812 μs	9,734.32 μs	19.74	0.66	-	-	-	105.37 KB	0.17
MlNet_NormalizeLpNorm_Read	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	9,409.88 μs	3,847.592 μs	4,116.880 μs	10,700.85 μs	19.08	8.16	-	-	-	454.19 KB	0.73
MlNet_NormalizeBinning_Read	Job-GJFWIQ	1	20	Throughput	1	5	20000	25,627.82 μs	11,539.248 μs	13,288.615 μs	22,001.09 μs	51.97	26.37	-	-	-	2079.22 KB	3.32

Lodestar_Normalize	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	670.35 μs	89.520 μs	4.907 μs	667.81 μs	1.00	0.01	199.2188	199.2188	199.2188	625.16 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Polynomial	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	704.45 μs	835.420 μs	45.792 μs	719.21 μs	1.05	0.06	300.7813	300.7813	300.7813	2346.37 KB	3.75
Lodestar_Discretize	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	3,094.24 μs	175.787 μs	9.635 μs	3,096.52 μs	4.62	0.03	996.0938	996.0938	996.0938	3125.68 KB	5.00
Lodestar_Discretize_64Bins	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	1,887.34 μs	30.302 μs	1.661 μs	1,886.63 μs	2.82	0.02	199.2188	199.2188	199.2188	625.16 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Discretize_Fit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	5,795.68 μs	102.262 μs	5.605 μs	5,794.43 μs	8.65	0.06	195.3125	195.3125	195.3125	627.14 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Quantile	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	10,424.83 μs	646.289 μs	35.425 μs	10,407.74 μs	15.55	0.11	187.5000	187.5000	187.5000	625.16 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Quantile_Fit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	5,948.07 μs	63.609 μs	3.487 μs	5,947.62 μs	8.87	0.06	195.3125	195.3125	195.3125	703.99 KB	1.13
Lodestar_Power	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	3,232.60 μs	293.009 μs	16.061 μs	3,224.68 μs	4.82	0.04	199.2188	199.2188	199.2188	625.15 KB	1.00
Lodestar_Power_Fit	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	13,954.80 μs	1,134.125 μs	62.165 μs	13,942.28 μs	20.82	0.15	750.0000	750.0000	750.0000	2662.15 KB	4.26
Lodestar_KnnImpute	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	9,165.86 μs	497.474 μs	27.268 μs	9,155.14 μs	13.67	0.09	-	-	-	104.66 KB	0.17
MlNet_NormalizeLpNorm_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	2,398.85 μs	1,041.817 μs	57.106 μs	2,387.71 μs	3.58	0.08	27.3438	11.7188	-	461.63 KB	0.74
MlNet_NormalizeBinning_Read	ShortRun	Default	3	Default	16	3	20000	10,744.63 μs	967.080 μs	53.009 μs	10,768.75 μs	16.03	0.12	265.6250	218.7500	187.5000	2134.85 KB	3.41

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.VectorMathBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-18, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
INTEL XEON PLATINUM 8573C, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX-512F+CD+BW+DQ+VL+VBMI
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX-512F+CD+BW+DQ+VL+VBMI

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Dim	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Dot	384	41.32 ns	1.864 ns	0.102 ns	1.00	-	NA
L2Norm	384	37.00 ns	6.842 ns	0.375 ns	0.90	-	NA

Dot	768	80.87 ns	1.199 ns	0.066 ns	1.00	-	NA
L2Norm	768	68.06 ns	4.313 ns	0.236 ns	0.84	-	NA

Dot	1024	106.00 ns	2.657 ns	0.146 ns	1.00	-	NA
L2Norm	1024	89.98 ns	2.806 ns	0.154 ns	0.85	-	NA

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.VectorStoreChurnBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]     : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  Job-DPQCRY : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

LaunchCount=1

Method	Job	IterationCount	RunStrategy	WarmupCount	Records	Mean	Error	StdDev	Gen0	Allocated
UpsertThenSearch	Job-DPQCRY	20	Throughput	5	1000	59.38 μs	0.097 μs	0.112 μs	0.1831	3.15 KB
UpsertThenHybrid	Job-DPQCRY	20	Throughput	5	1000	78.74 μs	0.129 μs	0.143 μs	1.2207	20.58 KB
Hybrid	Job-DPQCRY	20	Throughput	5	1000	72.95 μs	0.081 μs	0.090 μs	0.8545	15.52 KB
UpsertThenSearch	ShortRun	3	Default	3	1000	59.27 μs	2.107 μs	0.115 μs	0.1831	3.15 KB
UpsertThenHybrid	ShortRun	3	Default	3	1000	77.80 μs	6.134 μs	0.336 μs	1.2207	20.58 KB
Hybrid	ShortRun	3	Default	3	1000	71.43 μs	3.128 μs	0.171 μs	0.8545	15.52 KB
UpsertThenSearch	Job-DPQCRY	20	Throughput	5	10000	581.41 μs	16.768 μs	19.311 μs	-	3.15 KB
UpsertThenHybrid	Job-DPQCRY	20	Throughput	5	10000	950.46 μs	22.490 μs	25.900 μs	0.9766	26.16 KB
Hybrid	Job-DPQCRY	20	Throughput	5	10000	889.45 μs	19.792 μs	22.793 μs	0.9766	21.14 KB
UpsertThenSearch	ShortRun	3	Default	3	10000	625.69 μs	267.009 μs	14.636 μs	-	3.15 KB
UpsertThenHybrid	ShortRun	3	Default	3	10000	954.01 μs	414.627 μs	22.727 μs	0.9766	26.16 KB
Hybrid	ShortRun	3	Default	3	10000	930.57 μs	293.619 μs	16.094 μs	0.9766	21.14 KB
UpsertThenSearch	Job-DPQCRY	20	Throughput	5	100000	7,945.89 μs	64.380 μs	74.140 μs	-	3.19 KB
UpsertThenHybrid	Job-DPQCRY	20	Throughput	5	100000	11,898.96 μs	46.109 μs	53.099 μs	-	46 KB
Hybrid	Job-DPQCRY	20	Throughput	5	100000	11,776.21 μs	52.538 μs	60.503 μs	-	41.02 KB
UpsertThenSearch	ShortRun	3	Default	3	100000	7,923.41 μs	1,553.909 μs	85.175 μs	-	3.19 KB
UpsertThenHybrid	ShortRun	3	Default	3	100000	12,104.10 μs	1,492.648 μs	81.817 μs	-	46 KB
Hybrid	ShortRun	3	Default	3	100000	11,695.78 μs	1,065.403 μs	58.398 μs	-	41.02 KB

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.VectorizerBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-18, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
INTEL XEON PLATINUM 8573C, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX-512F+CD+BW+DQ+VL+VBMI
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX-512F+CD+BW+DQ+VL+VBMI

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Documents	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Count	200	261.5 μs	18.46 μs	1.01 μs	1.00	0.00	2.4414	0.4883	-	205.5 KB	1.00
Tfidf	200	288.9 μs	26.91 μs	1.48 μs	1.10	0.01	2.4414	-	-	234.64 KB	1.14
CountBigrams	200	776.8 μs	11.16 μs	0.61 μs	2.97	0.01	6.8359	1.9531	-	586.99 KB	2.86
CountCharWordBoundary	200	2,146.0 μs	145.49 μs	7.97 μs	8.21	0.04	382.8125	382.8125	382.8125	1676.53 KB	8.16
Hashing	200	291.7 μs	3.56 μs	0.20 μs	1.12	0.00	1.4648	-	-	136.13 KB	0.66

Count	1000	1,648.8 μs	36.33 μs	1.99 μs	1.00	0.00	109.3750	109.3750	109.3750	835.34 KB	1.00
Tfidf	1000	1,795.0 μs	47.30 μs	2.59 μs	1.09	0.00	142.5781	142.5781	142.5781	979.75 KB	1.17
CountBigrams	1000	3,966.8 μs	484.69 μs	26.57 μs	2.41	0.01	398.4375	398.4375	398.4375	2319.8 KB	2.78
CountCharWordBoundary	1000	12,990.8 μs	1,031.88 μs	56.56 μs	7.88	0.03	1015.6250	1015.6250	1015.6250	12013.04 KB	14.38
Hashing	1000	1,738.9 μs	92.87 μs	5.09 μs	1.05	0.00	70.3125	70.3125	70.3125	570.77 KB	0.68

Lodestar.Text.Benchmarks.VectorizerIncumbentBenchmarks-report-github

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

BenchmarkDotNet v0.14.0, Ubuntu 24.04.5 LTS (Noble Numbat)
AMD EPYC 7763, 1 CPU, 4 logical and 2 physical cores
.NET SDK 10.0.402
  [Host]   : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
  ShortRun : .NET 10.0.13 (10.0.1326.50504), X64 RyuJIT AVX2

Job=ShortRun  IterationCount=3  LaunchCount=1  
WarmupCount=3

Method	Documents	Mean	Error	StdDev	Ratio	RatioSD	Gen0	Gen1	Gen2	Allocated	Alloc Ratio
Lodestar	200	3.593 ms	0.2438 ms	0.0134 ms	1.00	0.00	152.3438	152.3438	152.3438	1.78 MB	1.00
MlNet	200	56.259 ms	176.1937 ms	9.6578 ms	15.66	2.33	7500.0000	7500.0000	7500.0000	28.27 MB	15.84

Lodestar	1000	17.304 ms	1.0733 ms	0.0588 ms	1.00	0.00	1500.0000	1500.0000	1500.0000	8.11 MB	1.00
MlNet	1000	410.188 ms	489.7395 ms	26.8443 ms	23.71	1.35	74000.0000	74000.0000	74000.0000	324.36 MB	40.00

compare-cdist

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

Python: {'rapidfuzz': '3.14.6', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
cdist_ratio_n50	0.166	0.036	0.22x	0.166	0.036	0.22x
cdist_wratio_n50	2.309	2.487	1.08x	2.309	2.486	1.08x
cdist_ratio_varied_n50	0.133	0.031	0.24x	0.133	0.031	0.24x
cdist_ratio_varied_cutoff90_n50	0.060	0.031	0.52x	0.060	0.031	0.52x
cdist_ratio_n200	2.733	0.441	0.16x	2.737	0.441	0.16x
cdist_wratio_n200	35.306	37.433	1.06x	35.306	37.430	1.06x
cdist_ratio_varied_n200	2.328	0.387	0.17x	2.332	0.387	0.17x
cdist_ratio_varied_cutoff90_n200	1.043	0.387	0.37x	1.046	0.387	0.37x
cdist_ratio_n500	16.600	2.679	0.16x	16.624	2.679	0.16x
cdist_wratio_n500	213.288	226.952	1.06x	213.417	226.932	1.06x
cdist_ratio_varied_n500	13.713	2.322	0.17x	13.823	2.322	0.17x
cdist_ratio_varied_cutoff90_n500	5.897	2.323	0.39x	6.000	2.323	0.39x

ratio > 1 means Lodestar is faster. cpu is the honest one on both sides: elapsed time hides .NET's background GC threads, and numpy's BLAS threads too -- statsmodels at 100 000 rows spends ~10x more cpu than wall.

compare-cluster-weighted

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'scikit-learn': '1.9.1', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
kmeans_weighted_10000	5.065	3.934	0.78x	5.071	7.842	1.55x
kmeans_restarts_10000	20.839	10.260	0.49x	20.848	20.439	0.98x
kmeans_weighted_100000	49.434	27.848	0.56x	49.710	47.053	0.95x
kmeans_restarts_100000	201.222	71.206	0.35x	201.630	131.459	0.65x
dbscan_weighted_5000	7.419	32.874	4.43x	7.798	32.869	4.22x
dbscan_weighted_20000	91.870	197.412	2.15x	92.727	197.389	2.13x

compare-cox-extended

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'lifelines': '0.30.3', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
stratified_weighted_1000	0.861	128.508	149.25x	0.861	128.501	149.25x
ridge_robust_1000	0.942	118.702	125.98x	0.942	118.681	125.97x
lasso_1000	6.653	1105.443	166.15x	6.654	1105.309	166.12x
ph_test_1000	0.128	21.792	170.36x	0.128	21.789	170.34x
predict_survival_1000	0.031	1.878	60.35x	0.031	1.878	60.34x
time_varying_1000	79.546	355.229	4.47x	79.604	355.168	4.46x
stratified_weighted_10000	9.173	710.876	77.49x	9.200	710.741	77.25x
ridge_robust_10000	10.218	1108.263	108.46x	10.455	1108.155	105.99x
lasso_10000	60.354	7060.282	116.98x	60.387	7059.662	116.91x
ph_test_10000	2.015	213.738	106.06x	2.077	213.717	102.90x
predict_survival_10000	0.033	1.898	57.57x	0.033	1.898	57.57x
time_varying_10000	3052.670	5255.176	1.72x	3052.432	5254.772	1.72x

compare-cross-conformal

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'mapie': '1.5.0', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
cv_plus_n1000	4.198	46.268	11.02x	4.198	184.304	43.91x
cv_minmax_n1000	3.067	3.899	1.27x	3.067	15.517	5.06x
cv_plus_gamma_n1000	4.762	47.944	10.07x	4.761	191.174	40.15x
bootstrap_plus_n1000	16.410	47.672	2.91x	16.409	189.791	11.57x
cv_plus_n10000	41.497	127.696	3.08x	41.496	470.343	11.33x
cv_minmax_n10000	30.842	25.556	0.83x	30.840	101.668	3.30x
cv_plus_gamma_n10000	58.550	134.710	2.30x	58.546	479.433	8.19x
bootstrap_plus_n10000	151.471	131.971	0.87x	151.450	480.772	3.17x

compare-glm

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'scipy': '1.18.1', 'statsmodels': '0.15.0', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
glm_negative_binomial_n1000	0.404	3.411	8.43x	0.404	3.410	8.43x
glm_gamma_n1000	0.485	4.254	8.77x	0.485	4.253	8.77x
glm_poisson_exposure_n1000	0.407	4.007	9.83x	0.407	4.007	9.83x
mnlogit_n1000	0.825	18.314	22.20x	0.825	18.313	22.20x
glm_negative_binomial_n10000	3.663	13.962	3.81x	3.674	13.961	3.80x
glm_gamma_n10000	4.157	13.044	3.14x	4.167	13.041	3.13x
glm_poisson_exposure_n10000	4.368	13.068	2.99x	4.379	13.066	2.98x
mnlogit_n10000	8.660	98.381	11.36x	8.669	98.368	11.35x
glm_negative_binomial_n100000	37.491	140.085	3.74x	37.834	559.319	14.78x
glm_gamma_n100000	43.121	159.652	3.70x	43.351	636.948	14.69x
glm_poisson_exposure_n100000	55.014	135.860	2.47x	55.365	540.772	9.77x
mnlogit_n100000	83.262	954.103	11.46x	83.302	1710.501	20.53x

compare-indel

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

Python: rapidfuzz 3.14.6 (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar.Text on .NET 10.0.13 (mode Utf16Unit)

alphabet	length	Python ns/pair	C# ns/pair	speedup (py/C#)
latin	8	118.7	28.1	4.22x C# faster
latin	32	184.2	86.0	2.14x C# faster
latin	128	485.3	424.6	1.14x C# faster
latin	512	4484.9	5005.3	1.12x Py faster
cjk	8	143.8	26.1	5.52x C# faster
cjk	32	334.4	217.8	1.54x C# faster
cjk	128	1916.4	1373.8	1.39x C# faster
cjk	512	14937.6	8860.4	1.69x C# faster

Note: Indel is len(a)+len(b)-2*LCS on both sides, so this compares the subsequence kernels. Lodestar's is Hyyro's bit-parallel LLCS above a pattern of 8 and a rolling-row dynamic program below it (#273).

compare-iv

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'linearmodels': '7.0', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
2sls_robust_n1000	1.686	57.200	33.93x	1.686	57.197	33.93x
liml_robust_n1000	1.839	58.358	31.74x	1.839	58.354	31.74x
gmm_robust_n1000	1.702	56.819	33.38x	1.702	56.816	33.38x
2sls_kernel_n1000	9.978	59.047	5.92x	10.068	59.038	5.86x
2sls_clustered_n1000	1.636	57.419	35.10x	1.636	57.416	35.10x
2sls_robust_n10000	17.414	251.380	14.44x	17.838	502.856	28.19x
liml_robust_n10000	19.056	249.492	13.09x	19.532	498.953	25.55x
gmm_robust_n10000	17.019	240.021	14.10x	17.395	479.988	27.59x
2sls_kernel_n10000	107.328	270.406	2.52x	107.709	540.880	5.02x
2sls_clustered_n10000	16.006	260.923	16.30x	16.385	521.884	31.85x
2sls_robust_n100000	174.967	2566.367	14.67x	176.611	7987.410	45.23x
liml_robust_n100000	187.760	2563.267	13.65x	190.118	7988.808	42.02x
gmm_robust_n100000	177.933	2505.685	14.08x	181.221	7682.991	42.40x
2sls_kernel_n100000	4018.651	3333.684	0.83x	4020.169	10250.484	2.55x
2sls_clustered_n100000	167.110	2828.397	16.93x	168.281	8954.419	53.21x

compare-levenshtein

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

Python: rapidfuzz 3.14.6 (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar.Text on .NET 10.0.13 (mode Utf16Unit)

alphabet	length	Python ns/pair	C# ns/pair	speedup (py/C#)
latin	8	147.6	18.2	8.12x C# faster
latin	32	280.4	157.1	1.79x C# faster
latin	128	1687.7	885.4	1.91x C# faster
latin	512	14032.2	11604.0	1.21x C# faster
cjk	8	158.9	18.2	8.72x C# faster
cjk	32	386.1	287.6	1.34x C# faster
cjk	128	2848.6	2041.9	1.40x C# faster
cjk	512	23707.8	17900.6	1.32x C# faster

Note: Python times the realistic per-call loop; rapidfuzz's C core uses the bit-parallel Myers algorithm, so it scales better on long strings.

compare-metrics

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

Python: {'scikit-learn': '1.9.1', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
confusion_matrix_n1000_k2	0.004	0.972	223.06x	0.004	0.971	223.03x
accuracy_n1000_k2	0.000	0.517	3892.66x	0.000	0.517	3892.20x
precision_recall_f1_macro_n1000_k2	0.005	1.778	359.33x	0.005	1.778	359.32x
classification_report_n1000_k2	0.007	6.841	928.09x	0.007	6.841	928.18x
roc_auc_binary_n1000_k2	0.018	1.898	105.19x	0.018	1.897	105.10x
balanced_accuracy_n1000_k2	0.005	1.034	220.94x	0.005	1.034	220.94x
matthews_n1000_k2	0.005	1.994	433.25x	0.005	1.994	433.25x
cohen_kappa_n1000_k2	0.005	1.072	231.50x	0.005	1.071	231.49x
mse_n1000_k2	0.000	0.302	622.50x	0.000	0.301	622.47x
mae_n1000_k2	0.000	0.304	630.64x	0.000	0.304	630.62x
median_ae_n1000_k2	0.005	0.315	65.30x	0.005	0.315	65.30x
r2_n1000_k2	0.001	0.368	311.76x	0.001	0.368	311.77x
confusion_matrix_n1000_k10	0.005	0.971	181.15x	0.005	0.970	181.15x
accuracy_n1000_k10	0.000	0.521	3886.73x	0.000	0.521	3886.36x
precision_recall_f1_macro_n1000_k10	0.006	1.767	302.17x	0.006	1.767	302.15x
classification_report_n1000_k10	0.012	6.909	592.23x	0.012	6.908	592.18x
roc_auc_ovr_macro_n1000_k10	0.522	9.755	18.68x	0.522	9.754	18.68x
balanced_accuracy_n1000_k10	0.006	1.030	179.80x	0.006	1.029	179.79x
matthews_n1000_k10	0.006	1.995	354.16x	0.006	1.995	354.15x
cohen_kappa_n1000_k10	0.006	1.084	179.71x	0.006	1.084	179.72x
mse_n1000_k10	0.000	0.302	624.47x	0.000	0.302	624.49x
mae_n1000_k10	0.000	0.301	627.16x	0.000	0.301	627.14x
median_ae_n1000_k10	0.005	0.313	65.09x	0.005	0.313	65.09x
r2_n1000_k10	0.001	0.368	310.71x	0.001	0.368	310.72x
confusion_matrix_n100000_k2	0.459	10.862	23.65x	0.459	10.862	23.65x
accuracy_n100000_k2	0.012	3.783	312.08x	0.012	3.783	312.07x
precision_recall_f1_macro_n100000_k2	0.461	12.468	27.07x	0.460	12.466	27.07x
classification_report_n100000_k2	0.463	27.285	58.90x	0.463	27.283	58.90x
roc_auc_binary_n100000_k2	4.533	27.362	6.04x	4.532	27.361	6.04x
balanced_accuracy_n100000_k2	0.458	10.951	23.89x	0.458	10.951	23.90x
matthews_n100000_k2	0.459	21.948	47.84x	0.459	21.946	47.84x
cohen_kappa_n100000_k2	0.460	10.983	23.88x	0.460	10.982	23.88x
mse_n100000_k2	0.045	0.453	9.99x	0.045	0.453	9.99x
mae_n100000_k2	0.045	0.456	10.20x	0.045	0.456	10.20x
median_ae_n100000_k2	0.601	1.794	2.98x	0.625	1.794	2.87x
r2_n100000_k2	0.110	0.675	6.15x	0.110	0.675	6.15x
confusion_matrix_n100000_k10	0.491	10.899	22.20x	0.491	10.895	22.19x
accuracy_n100000_k10	0.012	3.835	310.96x	0.012	3.834	310.94x
precision_recall_f1_macro_n100000_k10	0.492	13.161	26.73x	0.492	13.160	26.74x
classification_report_n100000_k10	0.500	29.873	59.75x	0.500	29.869	59.75x
roc_auc_ovr_macro_n100000_k10	37.076	220.561	5.95x	37.074	220.552	5.95x
balanced_accuracy_n100000_k10	0.492	11.051	22.48x	0.492	11.050	22.48x
matthews_n100000_k10	0.492	22.730	46.24x	0.492	22.729	46.24x
cohen_kappa_n100000_k10	0.493	11.004	22.33x	0.493	11.004	22.33x
mse_n100000_k10	0.045	0.462	10.35x	0.045	0.462	10.35x
mae_n100000_k10	0.044	0.454	10.29x	0.044	0.454	10.29x
median_ae_n100000_k10	0.578	1.798	3.11x	0.618	1.797	2.91x
r2_n100000_k10	0.109	0.693	6.34x	0.109	0.693	6.34x
confusion_matrix_n1000000_k2	4.626	101.151	21.87x	4.624	101.148	21.87x
accuracy_n1000000_k2	0.120	33.584	279.82x	0.120	33.584	279.85x
precision_recall_f1_macro_n1000000_k2	4.619	108.864	23.57x	4.619	108.840	23.57x
classification_report_n1000000_k2	4.623	212.702	46.01x	4.622	212.680	46.01x
roc_auc_binary_n1000000_k2	58.752	296.792	5.05x	58.749	296.744	5.05x
balanced_accuracy_n1000000_k2	4.620	101.537	21.98x	4.619	101.527	21.98x
matthews_n1000000_k2	4.618	202.683	43.89x	4.618	202.665	43.89x
cohen_kappa_n1000000_k2	4.624	101.168	21.88x	4.623	101.153	21.88x
mse_n1000000_k2	0.457	2.414	5.28x	0.457	2.413	5.28x
mae_n1000000_k2	0.453	2.432	5.37x	0.453	2.432	5.37x
median_ae_n1000000_k2	5.724	14.562	2.54x	5.825	14.561	2.50x
r2_n1000000_k2	1.104	4.386	3.97x	1.104	4.386	3.97x
confusion_matrix_n1000000_k10	4.855	101.022	20.81x	4.855	101.012	20.81x
accuracy_n1000000_k10	0.120	33.763	280.51x	0.120	33.750	280.41x
precision_recall_f1_macro_n1000000_k10	4.858	116.176	23.91x	4.858	116.164	23.91x
classification_report_n1000000_k10	4.848	237.903	49.07x	4.848	237.874	49.07x
balanced_accuracy_n1000000_k10	4.867	100.878	20.73x	4.867	100.873	20.72x
matthews_n1000000_k10	4.847	211.597	43.65x	4.847	211.576	43.65x
cohen_kappa_n1000000_k10	4.848	101.898	21.02x	4.847	101.882	21.02x
mse_n1000000_k10	0.463	2.479	5.36x	0.463	2.479	5.36x
mae_n1000000_k10	0.456	2.500	5.49x	0.456	2.499	5.49x
median_ae_n1000000_k10	5.751	14.678	2.55x	5.855	14.676	2.51x
r2_n1000000_k10	1.130	4.584	4.06x	1.129	4.584	4.06x

ratio > 1 means Lodestar is faster. cpu is the merge gate for this branch (docs/guides/performance.md): every operation, every size, must be >= 1x.

compare-nmf-transform

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'scikit-learn': '1.9.1', 'scipy': '1.18.1'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
transform_frobenius_n100	2.029	0.867	0.43x	2.028	0.867	0.43x
transform_frobenius_n500	6.560	1.669	0.25x	6.560	1.669	0.25x
transform_frobenius_n2000	23.903	6.101	0.26x	23.934	24.317	1.02x
transform_kl_n100	1.366	18.114	13.26x	1.366	18.111	13.25x
transform_kl_n500	6.269	34.597	5.52x	6.269	34.596	5.52x
transform_kl_n2000	25.027	123.487	4.93x	25.080	452.083	18.03x

compare-ols

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'scipy': '1.18.1', 'statsmodels': '0.15.0', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
ols_summary_n1000	0.046	3.030	65.33x	0.046	3.030	65.34x
ols_hac_n1000	0.161	3.531	21.87x	0.161	3.531	21.86x
ols_cluster_n1000	0.063	3.579	57.05x	0.063	3.579	57.05x
ols_summary_n10000	0.432	11.580	26.81x	0.432	11.578	26.82x
ols_hac_n10000	1.623	12.802	7.89x	1.629	12.801	7.86x
ols_cluster_n10000	0.596	13.141	22.05x	0.600	13.140	21.90x
ols_summary_n100000	4.280	115.331	26.95x	4.297	460.097	107.07x
ols_hac_n100000	16.580	127.372	7.68x	16.997	508.368	29.91x
ols_cluster_n100000	6.522	131.850	20.22x	6.734	525.039	77.97x

compare-onehot

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'scikit-learn': '1.9.1', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
sparse_10000	1.658	4.401	2.66x	1.662	4.401	2.65x
sparse_infrequent_10000	2.119	4.729	2.23x	2.124	4.729	2.23x
sparse_100000	16.793	29.705	1.77x	17.218	29.703	1.73x
sparse_infrequent_100000	18.966	24.752	1.31x	19.431	24.750	1.27x

compare-panel

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'linearmodels': '7.0', 'numpy': '2.5.3', 'pandas': '2.3.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
fe_entity_n1000	0.227	19.862	87.33x	0.227	19.859	87.31x
fe_twoway_clustered_n1000	0.398	31.375	78.90x	0.398	31.370	78.90x
fe_kernel_n1000	0.245	20.495	83.66x	0.245	20.493	83.64x
between_robust_n1000	0.128	19.177	149.81x	0.128	19.175	149.80x
first_difference_robust_n1000	0.260	23.432	90.04x	0.260	23.429	90.03x
random_effects_n1000	0.241	26.440	109.55x	0.241	26.436	109.54x
fe_entity_n10000	2.759	29.037	10.53x	2.830	29.033	10.26x
fe_twoway_clustered_n10000	4.890	55.070	11.26x	5.128	110.127	21.47x
fe_kernel_n10000	2.970	28.638	9.64x	3.020	28.633	9.48x
between_robust_n10000	1.792	28.271	15.77x	1.799	28.267	15.71x
first_difference_robust_n10000	2.945	33.497	11.37x	2.959	33.494	11.32x
random_effects_n10000	2.923	39.334	13.46x	2.958	39.330	13.30x
fe_entity_n100000	33.429	182.218	5.45x	35.125	725.324	20.65x
fe_twoway_clustered_n100000	47.628	355.971	7.47x	48.966	1275.938	26.06x
fe_kernel_n100000	31.529	171.246	5.43x	32.517	681.988	20.97x
between_robust_n100000	18.711	167.264	8.94x	19.213	537.117	27.96x
first_difference_robust_n100000	32.523	202.675	6.23x	33.966	804.489	23.69x
random_effects_n100000	31.371	231.988	7.39x	32.793	921.041	28.09x

compare-persistence

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

Python: {'tokenizers': '0.23.2', 'sentencepiece': '0.2.2', 'scikit-learn': '1.9.1', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu	C# bytes	Py bytes
vocab_txt	5.421	10.383	1.92x	5.765	10.382	1.80x	228,891	228,891
tokenizer_json_wordpiece	12.676	17.485	1.38x	13.053	17.484	1.34x	706,526	706,526
tokenizer_json_unigram	14.260	41.393	2.90x	14.591	41.389	2.84x	1,990,038	1,990,038
spiece_model	6.705	29.495	4.40x	6.975	29.493	4.23x	533,084	533,084
tfidf_save	1.548	2.411	1.56x	1.580	2.411	1.53x	581,787	591,922
tfidf_load	4.776	4.201	0.88x	5.016	4.200	0.84x	581,787	591,922
embedding_index_save	4.185	1.532	0.37x	4.366	1.531	0.35x	20,589,007	15,360,128
embedding_index_save_file	50.377	37.447	0.74x	10.283	5.299	0.52x	20,589,007	15,360,128
embedding_index_load	5.520	1.527	0.28x	5.839	1.527	0.26x	20,589,007	15,360,128
embedding_index_load_file	6.301	0.991	0.16x	6.729	0.990	0.15x	20,589,007	15,360,128
embedding_index_load_memory	4.383	1.563	0.36x	4.714	1.563	0.33x	20,589,007	15,360,128
embedding_index_ingest_npy	1.417	1.558	1.10x	1.725	1.558	0.90x	15,360,128	15,360,128
embedding_index_view_floor	0.000	0.001	85.34x	0.000	0.001	85.35x	20,589,007	15,360,128
embedding_index_save_gzip	410.374	557.093	1.36x	410.325	557.023	1.36x	15,250,490	14,022,374
embedding_index_load_gzip	70.403	67.228	0.95x	70.441	67.226	0.95x	15,250,490	14,022,374

ratio > 1 means Lodestar is faster. cpu is the honest one: elapsed time hides work .NET does on background GC threads; CPython is single-threaded. bytes is what the row wrote or read; a results file from before #378 carries none, and the two columns then disappear rather than read zero.

compare-splitters

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

Python: {'scikit-learn': '1.9.1', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
kfold_n10000	0.096	0.120	1.25x	0.096	0.120	1.25x
stratified_n10000	0.187	0.863	4.61x	0.187	0.863	4.61x
traintest_n10000	0.005	0.237	49.25x	0.005	0.237	49.24x
kfold_seeded_n10000	0.323	0.675	2.09x	0.323	0.675	2.09x
stratified_seeded_n10000	0.442	1.469	3.32x	0.442	1.469	3.32x
traintest_seeded_n10000	0.167	0.518	3.10x	0.167	0.518	3.10x
stratified_traintest_n10000	0.669	2.774	4.14x	0.669	2.773	4.14x
group_kfold_n10000	0.127	0.600	4.73x	0.127	0.600	4.73x
stratified_group_kfold_n10000	0.244	31.862	130.78x	0.244	31.858	130.78x
timeseries_n10000	0.000	0.012	91.13x	0.000	0.012	91.13x
repeated_kfold_n10000	0.982	1.790	1.82x	0.982	1.790	1.82x
kfold_n100000	1.106	2.542	2.30x	1.238	2.542	2.05x
stratified_n100000	2.220	7.175	3.23x	2.348	7.174	3.06x
traintest_n100000	0.207	0.408	1.97x	0.208	0.408	1.96x
kfold_seeded_n100000	3.689	6.939	1.88x	3.846	6.938	1.80x
stratified_seeded_n100000	4.766	11.477	2.41x	4.971	11.476	2.31x
traintest_seeded_n100000	2.027	2.010	0.99x	2.069	2.010	0.97x
stratified_traintest_n100000	8.123	23.531	2.90x	8.231	23.529	2.86x
group_kfold_n100000	1.618	6.782	4.19x	1.762	6.781	3.85x
stratified_group_kfold_n100000	2.747	321.584	117.05x	2.916	321.526	110.27x
timeseries_n100000	0.000	0.043	333.18x	0.000	0.043	333.16x
repeated_kfold_n100000	10.460	19.370	1.85x	10.642	19.367	1.82x
kfold_n1000000	10.386	18.038	1.74x	11.170	18.037	1.61x
stratified_n1000000	22.065	69.988	3.17x	22.954	69.984	3.05x
traintest_n1000000	0.742	2.181	2.94x	0.865	2.181	2.52x
kfold_seeded_n1000000	37.746	58.788	1.56x	38.667	58.783	1.52x
stratified_seeded_n1000000	48.491	111.062	2.29x	49.635	111.050	2.24x
traintest_seeded_n1000000	21.493	21.311	0.99x	21.940	21.310	0.97x
stratified_traintest_n1000000	93.874	237.426	2.53x	94.332	237.408	2.52x
group_kfold_n1000000	14.520	54.286	3.74x	15.127	54.280	3.59x
stratified_group_kfold_n1000000	28.220	3181.079	112.72x	29.473	3180.765	107.92x
timeseries_n1000000	0.000	0.327	2914.79x	0.000	0.327	2915.00x
repeated_kfold_n1000000	108.050	178.382	1.65x	109.541	178.367	1.63x

compare-stats

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'scipy': '1.18.1', 'statsmodels': '0.15.0', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
welch_t_n1000	0.006	0.826	146.25x	0.006	0.826	146.24x
mann_whitney_n1000	0.031	0.749	24.40x	0.031	0.749	24.40x
chi_square_n1000	0.000	0.342	1702.02x	0.000	0.342	1702.18x
fligner_n1000	0.076	0.819	10.79x	0.076	0.819	10.79x
anderson_ksamp_n1000	0.165	0.397	2.41x	0.165	0.397	2.41x
spearman_matrix_n1000	0.098	0.930	9.48x	0.098	0.930	9.48x
pointbiserial_n1000	0.010	0.573	55.00x	0.010	0.573	55.00x
welch_t_n10000	0.054	0.873	16.16x	0.054	0.873	16.16x
mann_whitney_n10000	0.749	2.835	3.78x	0.749	2.835	3.78x
chi_square_n10000	0.001	0.348	249.53x	0.001	0.348	249.48x
fligner_n10000	1.443	3.258	2.26x	1.512	3.258	2.15x
anderson_ksamp_n10000	2.032	4.008	1.97x	2.138	4.008	1.87x
spearman_matrix_n10000	2.162	4.812	2.23x	2.233	4.812	2.15x
pointbiserial_n10000	0.100	0.644	6.42x	0.100	0.644	6.42x
welch_t_n100000	0.541	1.276	2.36x	0.541	1.276	2.36x
mann_whitney_n100000	7.827	28.698	3.67x	7.825	28.694	3.67x
chi_square_n100000	0.014	0.371	26.35x	0.014	0.371	26.35x
fligner_n100000	14.657	32.600	2.22x	15.057	32.597	2.16x
anderson_ksamp_n100000	15.792	43.966	2.78x	16.206	43.962	2.71x
spearman_matrix_n100000	17.964	53.090	2.96x	18.281	53.084	2.90x
pointbiserial_n100000	1.295	1.448	1.12x	1.308	5.776	4.42x

compare-survival-aalen

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'lifelines': '0.30.3', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
fit_1000	8.562	87.162	10.18x	8.562	347.080	40.54x
fit_penalised_weighted_1000	8.040	94.766	11.79x	8.039	377.856	47.00x
predict_survival_1000	0.841	2.408	2.86x	0.849	2.407	2.84x
fit_10000	240.712	626.596	2.60x	240.947	1000.890	4.15x
fit_penalised_weighted_10000	219.901	656.224	2.98x	220.127	1030.314	4.68x
predict_survival_10000	3.318	5.054	1.52x	3.516	20.144	5.73x

compare-survival-family

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'lifelines': '0.30.3', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
logrank_wilcoxon_weighted_1000	0.027	14.237	533.89x	0.027	14.235	533.87x
logrank_fleming_harrington_1000	0.035	21.536	606.67x	0.035	21.532	606.57x
multigroup_1000	0.115	28.833	249.81x	0.115	28.827	249.77x
pairwise_1000	0.312	149.201	478.56x	0.312	149.175	478.54x
rmst_1000	0.092	1291.660	14065.90x	0.092	1291.531	14064.04x
fixed_point_1000	0.038	15.629	413.65x	0.038	15.626	413.62x
concordance_1000	0.051	8.420	166.21x	0.051	8.419	166.21x
logrank_wilcoxon_weighted_10000	0.342	16.468	48.15x	0.342	16.464	48.14x
logrank_fleming_harrington_10000	0.426	26.219	61.48x	0.427	26.216	61.47x
multigroup_10000	2.487	42.278	17.00x	2.494	42.273	16.95x
pairwise_10000	4.945	166.502	33.67x	4.944	166.493	33.67x
rmst_10000	1.855	1386.986	747.67x	1.891	1386.880	733.47x
fixed_point_10000	0.410	17.673	43.13x	0.410	17.672	43.13x
concordance_10000	2.392	99.418	41.57x	2.392	99.406	41.56x
logrank_wilcoxon_weighted_100000	4.508	24.061	5.34x	4.623	24.058	5.20x
logrank_fleming_harrington_100000	4.365	37.855	8.67x	4.446	37.853	8.51x
multigroup_100000	11.073	53.146	4.80x	11.212	53.144	4.74x
pairwise_100000	45.773	244.617	5.34x	47.080	244.594	5.20x
rmst_100000	9.263	501.437	54.13x	9.375	501.356	53.48x
fixed_point_100000	4.920	31.020	6.31x	5.074	31.016	6.11x
concordance_100000	30.368	812.883	26.77x	30.572	812.842	26.59x

compare-survival-parametric

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'lifelines': '0.30.3', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
weibull_1000	3.535	74.760	21.15x	3.534	74.757	21.15x
loglogistic_left_1000	6.447	103.132	16.00x	6.451	103.120	15.98x
lognormal_interval_1000	5.736	190.173	33.15x	5.736	190.147	33.15x
generalized_gamma_1000	46.918	853.389	18.19x	47.002	853.267	18.15x
weibull_aft_1000	7.501	134.830	17.98x	7.502	134.827	17.97x
lognormal_aft_ridge_robust_1000	11.712	4785.337	408.59x	11.714	4784.969	408.47x
loglogistic_aft_interval_1000	11.142	209.910	18.84x	11.144	209.894	18.83x
breslow_fleming_harrington_1000	0.257	6.952	27.01x	0.257	6.951	27.01x
kaplan_meier_left_1000	0.091	8.106	89.44x	0.091	8.105	89.44x
weibull_10000	33.350	89.100	2.67x	33.348	89.091	2.67x
loglogistic_left_10000	70.962	183.671	2.59x	70.957	183.653	2.59x
lognormal_interval_10000	56.595	344.201	6.08x	56.589	344.167	6.08x
generalized_gamma_10000	421.557	2098.452	4.98x	421.528	2098.240	4.98x
weibull_aft_10000	71.983	156.815	2.18x	71.984	156.802	2.18x
lognormal_aft_ridge_robust_10000	146.906	45601.001	310.41x	146.899	45594.043	310.38x
loglogistic_aft_interval_10000	100.085	286.249	2.86x	100.089	286.230	2.86x
breslow_fleming_harrington_10000	2.554	8.937	3.50x	2.554	8.936	3.50x
kaplan_meier_left_10000	0.961	10.537	10.97x	0.961	10.536	10.97x

compare-transformers

As of 2026-10-17, measured at commit 881e9415ead6c6be3c805f7cb2bf0bace0cb5681.

Python: {'scikit-learn': '1.9.1', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
normalize_n10000	0.267	0.465	1.74x	0.268	0.465	1.73x
polynomial_n10000	0.728	1.033	1.42x	0.733	1.033	1.41x
kbins_fit_n10000	1.468	2.650	1.81x	1.468	2.650	1.81x
kbins_n10000	0.723	4.575	6.33x	0.816	4.575	5.60x
quantile_fit_n10000	1.562	3.809	2.44x	1.561	3.808	2.44x
quantile_n10000	1.875	1.708	0.91x	1.878	1.708	0.91x
power_fit_n10000	6.187	138.079	22.32x	6.190	138.065	22.30x
power_n10000	1.550	1.531	0.99x	1.553	1.531	0.99x
knn_impute_n10000	8.883	24.456	2.75x	8.932	97.343	10.90x
label_n10000	1.171	0.768	0.66x	1.171	0.768	0.66x
normalize_n100000	1.456	1.878	1.29x	1.824	1.877	1.03x
polynomial_n100000	2.742	7.563	2.76x	3.351	7.562	2.26x
kbins_fit_n100000	15.010	8.436	0.56x	15.831	8.435	0.53x
kbins_n100000	6.487	13.025	2.01x	7.131	13.023	1.83x
quantile_fit_n100000	15.303	18.534	1.21x	16.069	18.532	1.15x
quantile_n100000	17.795	15.118	0.85x	18.292	15.117	0.83x
power_fit_n100000	66.616	931.523	13.98x	69.229	931.441	13.45x
power_n100000	14.176	10.081	0.71x	14.638	10.081	0.69x
knn_impute_n100000	8.984	19.978	2.22x	8.983	79.812	8.88x
label_n100000	15.412	7.395	0.48x	15.741	7.394	0.47x

compare-var

As of 2026-10-19, measured at commit c4a19d86a5f8c9899f169f26ac7e107de05eedd1.

Python: {'scipy': '1.18.1', 'statsmodels': '0.15.0', 'numpy': '2.5.3'} (py 3.12.15)
C#:     Lodestar on .NET 10.0.13

operation	C# ms	Py ms	wall	C# cpu	Py cpu	cpu
var_n1000	0.042	2.688	64.17x	0.042	2.687	64.18x
var_n10000	0.477	16.436	34.43x	0.481	16.433	34.15x
var_n100000	4.448	195.652	43.99x	4.598	420.089	91.36x