# CHARGE This is an optional top-level directive that allows the user to specify the total charge of the system. The form of the directive is as follows: ``` CHARGE  ``` The charge directive, in conjunction with the charges of atomic nuclei (which can be changed via the geometry input, cf. Section [Geometry](Geometry)), determines the total number of electrons in the chemical system. Therefore, a `charge n` specification removes "n" electrons from the chemical system. Similarly, `charge -n` adds "n" electrons. is zero if this directive is omitted. An example of a case where the directive would be needed is for a calculation on a doubly charged cation. In such a case, the directive is simply, ``` charge 2 ``` If centers with [fractional charge](Geometry) have been specified the net charge of the system should be adjusted to ensure that there are an integral number of electrons. The charge may be changed between tasks, and is used by all wavefunction types. For instance, in order to compute the first two vertical ionization energies of LiH, one might optimize the geometry of LiH using a UHF SCF wavefunction, and then perform energy calculations at the optimized geometry on LiH+ and LiH2+ in turn. This is accomplished with the following input: ``` geometry; Li 0 0 0; H 0 0 1.64; end basis; Li library 3-21g; H library 3-21g; end scf; uhf; singlet; end task scf optimize charge 1 scf; uhf; doublet; end task scf charge 2 scf; uhf; singlet; end task scf ``` The GEOMETRY, BASIS, and SCF directives are described below ([Geometry](Geometry), [Basis](Basis) and [SCF](Hartree-Fock-Theory-for-Molecules) respectively) but their intent should be clear. The TASK directive is described above ([TASK](TASK)).